Volume 21 (2023)
Special Issue 3

Full text of the journal: Volume 21 Special Issue 3

Pages

1433-1450 J.A. Batista-Rascon, J.C. Jiménez-Galindo, N. Ramírez-Cabral, G. Castellanos-Pérez and J.J. Figueroa-Gonzalez
Identification of Mexican Maize Races (Zea mays L.) with Drought Tolerance using Osmotic Potential Experiments for Genetic Breeding
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Identification of Mexican Maize Races (Zea mays L.) with Drought Tolerance using Osmotic Potential Experiments for Genetic Breeding

J.A. Batista-Rascon¹, J.C. Jiménez-Galindo²*, N. Ramírez-Cabral³, G. Castellanos-Pérez¹ and J.J. Figueroa-Gonzalez³

¹Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Agrotechnological Sciences Faculty, V. Carranza y Escorza s/n, Col. Centro, Chihuahua, 31000 Chihuahua, México
²Agriculture and Livestock Research, National Institute of Forestry, Av. Hidalgo No 1213, Cuauhtémoc, 31500 Chihuahua, México
³National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research, Km. 24.5 Carretera Zacatecas-Fresnillo Calera de Víctor Rosales, Zacatecas. C.P. 98500, México
*Correspondence: cruz2477@yahoo.com.mx

Abstract:

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the third most important cereal crop worldwide after wheat and rice per cultivated area with 249,225,876 hectares and the most important crop for number of harvested grain tons with 1,482,997,259 in 2021. Some native Mexican maize races could be a source for drought tolerance to improve commercial cultivars and hybrids. The experiments were conducted using various osmotic pressures (OP) induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) (0, -0.05, -0.15, -0.30 and -0.49 MPa) simulating an increase of drought stress in ten maize genotypes. The main objectives of this study were the evaluation of germination and seedling growth components in response to drought stress and the identification of sources of drought tolerance in Mexican maize races. Apachito-r showed an increased germination in 110.4%, Cristalino-079 had a decreased germination in 98.7% and Cristalino-279 reduced its germination in a 91.1% compared to the control. Apachito-r outstands in root length at -0.05 OP increasing 200.1% and at -0.49 increasing 129.8%. The values for stem length were decreasing as the OP was increasing and only Apachito-r showed a significant difference at -0.30 MPa decreasing 39.8% respect to its control. Cristalino-279 showed significant difference in the variable root fresh weight and its value outstand at -0.15 increasing 267.2%, at -0.30 increasing 281.6% and at -0.49 MPa increasing 189.3% compared to the control in water. The variable root dry weight had the highest value for Apachito-r at -0.05 MPa increasing in a 189.4%, decreasing at -0.15 in 72% and at -0.30 MPa in a 79.8% and increasing at -0.49 MPa in 112.3%. Also noteworthy are E-zapata-r increasing 190.5% and Cristalino-061 increasing 142.9% at -0.30. E-zapata-r at -0.49 increased 115.1%. Cristalino-279 showed significant difference in the variable stem fresh weight and its value outstand at -0.05, -0.15 and -0.30 MPa increasing 146.7%, 103.7% and 60.2% respectively. Finally, in stem dry weight the tendency was to decrease as OP was increasing, however Cristalino-279 showed differences at -0.30 decreasing in 89.5% and at -0.49 MPa increasing in a 143.5% respect to the control. The most drought tolerant genotypes were Cristalino-279, Apachito-r, Azul and 8-carreras-PP. The most tolerant genotypes showed greater root length, greater root fresh and dry weight, better germination and greater stem length. Resistant and susceptible genotypes are ideal material to understand the physical and chemical mechanisms related to drought tolerance. Cristalino-279 shows the best level of drought tolerance at all levels of osmotic pressure, this genotype can be used as a source of drought tolerance for the improvement of commercial maize.

Key words:

drought tolerance, native maize races, osmotic pressure, polyethylene glycol

1451-1463 G.S.D. Berna, C.R. Pereira, E. de Oliveira and C.M. Hüther
Comparative approach for assessing the soil quality in an urban conservation unit
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Comparative approach for assessing the soil quality in an urban conservation unit

G.S.D. Berna, C.R. Pereira, E. de Oliveira* and C.M. Hüther

Universitdade Federal Fluminense, Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Biossistemas, Rua Passo da Pátria 156 sala 236, 24.210-240 Niterói, Brasil
*Correspondence: eltonoliveira@id.uff.br

Abstract:

This study aimed to verify the quality of the soil according to different stages of forest regeneration. Urban conservation units can be of great importance in land management and in the sustainable development process of cities. Monitoring soil quality in these spaces can help to define strategies in the forest recovery process. A management performance evaluation method and consequent soil quality was applied, using data envelopment analysis (DEA). Soil was collected in the three stages of forest regeneration observed, land with established forests, reforested land, and open land, at three different depths. In the set of 54 analyzed observations, soils with low levels of fertility were verified. However, an area with reforested land showed the best performance in maximizing the selected variables and consequently better soil quality scores. The open lands showed the lowest performance in soil conservation. In this way, the revealed performance scores accompanied the Sum of Exchangeable Bases and Organic Matter values. This quality score can help to define soil management strategies, which may be applicable to a wider audience and wider contexts in environmental management.

Key words:

degraded area, environmental management, forest regeneration, quality scores, soil management, sustainable development

1464-1472 E.R.T. Cruz, F.A. Teixeira, D.D. Fries, R.R. Jardim, N.T. Cruz, F. Rossa, A.P.S. Santos, E.M.V. Porto and H.S. Silva
Yield and morphology of Nopalea cochenillifera under N fertilization and biological inoculation
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Yield and morphology of Nopalea cochenillifera under N fertilization and biological inoculation

E.R.T. Cruz*, F.A. Teixeira, D.D. Fries, R.R. Jardim, N.T. Cruz*, F. Rossa, A.P.S. Santos, E.M.V. Porto and H.S. Silva

State University of Southwest of Bahia, BR45700-000, Itapetinga, Bahia, Brazil
*Correspondence: elitonrtdacruz@hotmail.com; teles.nc@gmail.com

Abstract:

The objective was to evaluate the effect of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and levels of nitrogen fertilization on the productive aspects of the spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera). The experiment was carried in Ribeirão do Largo, Southwest region of the state of Bahia, from April 2019 to April 2020. The experiment was carried out in a 2×4 factorial, in a randomized block design with eight treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of the absence or inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen fertilization levels 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg^–¹ of N ha^–¹. There was a positive effect for the use of the bacteria on cladode area index, height, number of secondary, tertiary and total cladodes, total weight for cladodes of all orders and also for final weight per ha^–¹. There was a significant effect of the use of the inoculant for the levels of total soluble sugars and starch, where there was a decrease in the values for the treatments submitted to the use of the bacteria. There was a quadratic effect for the weight of the tertiary cladodes, number of tertiary cladodes and total of spineless cactus when submitted to nitrogen fertilization levels. There was a linear test for cladodes area index when nitrogen fertilization was used. The use of Azospirillum brasilense is positive for the cultivation of spineless cactus, improving development and increasing crop productivity.

Key words:

Azospirillum brasilense, cladodes, microorganisms, morphometric characteristics, spineless forage cactus

1473-1486 G. Ghantous, K. Popov, Z. El Sebaaly and Y.N. Sassine
Adaptation of Syrah wine grape cultivar to changing climatic conditions of the Bekaa valley, Lebanon
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Adaptation of Syrah wine grape cultivar to changing climatic conditions of the Bekaa valley, Lebanon

G. Ghantous¹², K. Popov¹, Z. El Sebaaly² and Y.N. Sassine²*

¹University of Forestry, Faculty of Agronomy, Department of Agronomy, 10 Kliment Ohridsky Blvd., BG1797 Sofia, Bulgaria
²Lebanese University, Faculty of Agronomy, Department of Plant Production, Gallery Matta Street, Dekwaneh, Beirut, Lebanon
*Correspondence: youssef.sassine@ul.edu.lb

Abstract:

Climatic factors play a key role in determining the suitability of a given region for specific cultivars and wine types and the responses of individual grapevine cultivars to climate are of utmost importance for activity planning and decision making in viticulture. The study investigated the effect of climate conditions from 2006 till 2018 on the performance of cv. Syrah cultivated in two vineyards in Lebanon; Kanafar (at 1,020 m.a.s.l) and Mansoura (at 850 m.a.s.l). Cluster analysis based on climate indicators divided years into two clusters; in Kanafar (cluster 1: 2006–2015, cluster 2: 2016–2018) and in Mansoura (cluster 1: 2006 to 2008, cluster 2: 2009 to 2018). Solar radiation (May-June) and average wind speed (July-August-September) were the most influential predictors in Kanafar and Mansoura, respectively. In Kanafar, average yield and weight of 200 berries decreased by 21% and 22.7 g respectively in cluster 2, but in Mansoura only average yield increased by 3.7% in cluster 2. Total soluble solids and titratable acidity were not significantly affected by the shift in climate conditions at both vineyards, however total anthocyanin potential was significantly lower in Kanafar (by 114.2 mg kg^-1) and higher in Mansoura (by 353.4 mg kg^-1) in cluster 2. Total polyphenolic richness was only affected in Kanafar (reduction by 42 mg GAE g^-1 in cluster 2). Syrah performance was more negatively affected by the changing climate conditions at Kanafar rather than Mansoura vineyards and it seems to better adapt to climate conditions of Mansoura overcoming the shift in climate that occurred after 2008 there.

Key words:

climate change, production, quality, winegrapes, years

1487-1498 A.M. Nair, G. Yesodharan, K. Arun and G. Prasad
Unveiling the factors influencing groundwater resources in a coastal environment – a review
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Unveiling the factors influencing groundwater resources in a coastal environment – a review

A.M. Nair¹, G. Yesodharan², K. Arun² and G. Prasad³*

¹Amrita School for Sustainable Futures, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, India
²Department of Commerce & Management, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, 690525 Amritapuri, India
³Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, India
*Correspondence: geena@am.amrita.edu

Abstract:

The coastal environment is a dynamic and complex system where the interaction between land and sea gives rise to many challenges and opportunities. Among the critical resources in these regions, groundwater resources in a coastal environment play a vital role in sustaining human communities, ecosystems, and diverse economic endeavors. However, these resources encounter unique challenges due to the complex interaction between freshwater and saltwater interfaces, and the sustainability of coastal groundwater resources is increasingly threatened by various factors. This review highlights the factors that influence these resources to ensure their sustainable management, which sheds light on the intricate dynamics of coastal groundwater systems and for developing effective strategies to safeguard long-term availability.

Key words:

coastal groundwater, groundwater resources, islands

1499-1518 Nurholis, S.H. Hidayat, K.H. Mutaqin, S. Widodo and Widodo
Morphological, molecular, and pathogenic characterization of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu stricto associated with imported citrus fruits
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Morphological, molecular, and pathogenic characterization of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu stricto associated with imported citrus fruits

Nurholis¹, S.H. Hidayat¹, K.H. Mutaqin¹, S. Widodo² and Widodo¹*

¹IPB University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Jl. Kamper Babakan Dramaga, Kabupaten Bogor, ID16680 Jawa Barat, Indonesia
²IPB University, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Department of Agricultural Engineering and Biosystem, Jl. Kamper Babakan Dramaga, Kabupaten Bogor, ID16680 Jawa Barat, Indonesia
*Correspondence: widodo@apps.ipb.ac.id

Abstract:

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a fungal pathogen that causes anthracnose disease in citrus fruits. C. gloeosporioides has the potential to be carried by imported citrus fruits. The aim of this study was to detect, isolate, identify, and test the pathogenicity of C. gloeosporioides associated with imported citrus fruits. The detection method was carried out by freezing imported citrus fruits at -20 °C for 15 hours. C. gloeosporioides was identified morphologically and molecularly. The morphological identification method was done by observing mycelial colonies and conidia. The molecular identification method was done by the Polymerase Chain Reaction technique using 3 locus of ITS, GAPDH, and TUB2. The pathogenicity was tested by attaching 1 culture circle of C. gloeosporioides to the surface of the citrus fruit and injecting 100 µl of conidia suspension at a density of 10⁵ conidia mL^-1 into the inside of the citrus fruit. The main results showed that C. gloeosporioides was successfully detected at 4 days after incubation by the emergence of mycelia on the surface of citrus fruits. Morphological and molecular identification proved that the species of fungus was C. gloeosporioides sensu stricto which was a pathogenic fungus on imported and local citrus fruits with a disease incidence value of 100%, and a disease severity value of 97.78% and 98.89%, respectively.

Key words:

anthracnose, disease incidence, disease severity, identification, pathogenicity

1519-1540 F.E. Omari, L. Beniken, A. Zouahri, R. Mrabet, H. Benaouda, R. Benkirane and H. Benyahia
Optimization of NPK levels of Clementine Sidi Aissa (Citrus reticulata Blanco) trees grafted on different citrus rootstocks
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Optimization of NPK levels of Clementine Sidi Aissa (Citrus reticulata Blanco) trees grafted on different citrus rootstocks

F.E. Omari¹, L. Beniken¹, A. Zouahri², R. Mrabet³, H. Benaouda¹, R. Benkirane⁴ and H. Benyahia¹

¹Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Kenitra, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), N°14, Ave. Abou Temmam mailbox: 257. Kenitra, Morocco
²Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Rabat, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), Ave. Mohamed Belarbi Alaoui mailbox: 6356 – Institutes, Rabat Morocco
³National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), Rabat- Morocco. Ave. Ennasr mailbox: 415 RP Rabat Morocco
⁴Plant Productions, Animal and Agro-Industry Laboratory, Ibn Tofail University, Faculty of Science of Kenitra, University Campus, mailbox 133 Kenitra, Morocoo
*Correspondence: fatimaezahra.omari@inra.ma

Abstract:

The present study aims to investigate the impact of various nitrogen concentrations on young Clementine Sidi Aissa citrus trees (Citrus reticulata Blanco), grafted on five citrus rootstocks namely Moroccan Carrizo citrange, French Carrizo citrange, Troyer citrange, Citrus macrophylla, and sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.). The experiment took place in greenhouses at the Experimental station of El Menzeh INRA-Morocco, with the young trees grown in containers. We applied five different nitrogen treatments (expressed as mg L^-1 of N-P₂O₅-K₂O): (0–0–0), (0–25–50), (25–25–50), (50–25–50), and (100–25–50). The split-plot experimental design was used with three replications.

The findings demonstrate that the nitrogen enrichment resulted in enhanced plant growth, marked by increased plant height, rootstock and scion stem diameters, diameter and shoot length, relative water content (RWC), as well as leaf chlorophyll and proline content. Optimal growth of the Clementine Sidi Aissa trees was observed under the 100–25–50 (mg L^-1 of N-P₂O₅-K₂O) treatment.

The study also found that leaf nitrogen concentration increased in line with the quantity of nitrogen added, whereas the percentages of phosphorous and potassium in the leaves decreased. The most significant growth increase across the majority of the studied parameters was noted in Clementine Sidi Aissa trees grafted on Moroccan Carrizo citrange and Troyer citrange rootstocks.

Key words:

citrus, leaf nutrient, mineral nutrition, rootstock, vegetative growth

1541-1554 N. Ruangsuriya and K. Sungthongwises
Growth and yield response of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas var. batatas) under acid sandy soil, northeast of Thailand
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Growth and yield response of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas var. batatas) under acid sandy soil, northeast of Thailand

N. Ruangsuriya and K. Sungthongwises*

Agronomy section, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, TH40002 Khon Kaen, Thailand
*Correspondence: skiriy@kku.ac.th

Abstract:

Sweet potato is one of the major crops grown for food, animal feed and industrial products. The yield obtained in the Northeast of Thailand is far below its genetic potential due to soil degradation, erosion, acidification, loss of organic matter, waterlogging and salinization causing nutrient deficiency. The objectives of this research are to investigate yield components, accumulation of nutrients and food nutrition of different sweet potato species under acidic sandy soil. The experiment with four replications was laid out in a farmer’s field at Phu Wiang and Nong Ruea District, Khon Kaen Province, where young smart farmers are interested to grow sweet potato. Trials were planted for 2 years using four species of sweet potato: (A) Honey Sweet, (B) Okinawan Orange, (C) Okinawan Purple and (D) Purple Sweet Lord. All plots were treated with a basal application of 1.56 t ha^-1 of cow and poultry manure with 0.03 t ha^-1 of chemical fertilizer formula (N12-P4-K4). An addition of 0.15 t ha^-1 of chemical fertilizer formula (N12-P4-K20) was made at 15 and 30 days after growing. The results show that Okinawan Orange and Purple Sweet Lord were higher growth in Phu Wiang district than Nong Ruea district. If the cost and unit price are the same, Okinawan Orange will give farmers a higher return than Purple Sweet Lord. Regarding the leaf residues of Okinawan Orange and Purple Sweet Lord are suitable to be used for fish farming, because they contain the highest protein and carbohydrates.

Key words:

acid soil, decision, growth, sweet potato, yield components

1555-1566 L.M. dos Santos, G.A.S. Ferraz, M.A.F. Carvalho, M.S. Vilela and P.H.O. Estima
Preliminary study on the potential use of RPA images to quantify the influence of the defoliation after coffee harvesting to its yield
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Preliminary study on the potential use of RPA images to quantify the influence of the defoliation after coffee harvesting to its yield

L.M. dos Santos¹*, G.A.S. Ferraz¹, M.A.F. Carvalho², M.S. Vilela³ and P.H.O. Estima¹

¹Federal University of Lavras, Department of Agricultural Engineering, University Campus, BR37.200-000 Lavras-MG, Brazil
²Embrapa Café, Brasília 70770-901, Distrito Federal, Brazil
³Federal University of Lavras, Department of Agronomy/ Phytotechnics, University Campus, BR37.200-000 Lavras-MG, Brazil
*Correspondence: luanna_mendess@yahoo.com.br

Abstract:

Coffee is an agricultural commodity with global commercial importance capable of impacting the production chain. The quantification of defoliation at harvest is important for monitoring crop yield because defoliation is one of the main types of damage caused by this agricultural operation in coffee crops. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between yield and defoliation obtained in the field and obtained through remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) images. The experiment was conducted in a coffee plantation belonging to the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. An RPA with a rotary wing containing a multispectral camera was used in autonomous flight mode with a height of 30 m, an image overlap of 80%, and a speed of 3 m s^-1. The images were collected before and after the 2020 and 2021 harvest, defoliation data obtained in the field were measured in 2020 and 2021, and the yield was measured from 2019 to 2021. Image processing was performed in the software PhotoScan, postimage processing was performed in QGIS, and statistical analyses were performed using the software R. With the processing of the images in 2020, the crop showed reductions of 17.3% and 18.4% in leaf area and volume, respectively, after harvest. In 2021, the crop showed reductions of 12.8% and 9.8% in leaf area and volume, respectively, after harvest. The leaf area and leaf volume of the coffee plantation after harvest could be quantified by means of images obtained by RPA, which allowed the observation of the loss of area and volume of the coffee plantation. Furthermore, it was possible to analyse the interactions between field data and the yield of the same harvest year, which were directly proportional, and the interaction of image data from one year with the previous yield, which were inversely proportional. In the year 2020, there was a reduction of 17.3% in leaf area after harvest, and a reduction of 18.4% in leaf volume after harvest in the plots under study.In the processing carried out in 2021, there was a 12.8% reduction in leaf area after harvest, and a 9.8% decrease in leaf volume after harvest in the plots under study.

Key words:

canopy volume, Coffea arabica L., digital image processing, harvest, systems of unmanned aircraft

1567-1580 S.A. Santos, G.A.S. Ferraz, V.C. Figueiredo, M.M.L. Volpato, C.S.M. Matos, A.B. Pereira, L. Conti, G. Bambi and D.B. Marin
Spatial and temporal variability of productivity of coffee plants grown in an experimental field located in Três Pontas, Brazil
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Spatial and temporal variability of productivity of coffee plants grown in an experimental field located in Três Pontas, Brazil

S.A. Santos¹*, G.A.S. Ferraz¹, V.C. Figueiredo², M.M.L. Volpato², C.S.M. Matos², A.B. Pereira², L. Conti³, G. Bambi³ and D.B. Marin³

¹Federal University of Lavras, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Trevo Rotatório Professor Edmir Sá Santos, BR37200-900, Lavras, Brazil
²Agricultural Research Company of Minas Gerais, Av. José Cândido da Silveira 1647, Bairro União Belo Horizonte, BR31170-495 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
³University of Florence, Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Science and Technology, Piazza S. Marco 4, IT055 27571, Florence, Italy
*Correspondence: sthefany.santos1@estudante.ufla.br

Abstract:

The coffee grower seeks to increase productivity, as well as reduce the operating costs of his crop. Precision Agriculture (PA) is composed of a cycle of tools and technologies that can bring a good return to coffee growers, seeking to optimize production processes, bringing better yields and minimizing costs. Therefore, the objective of this research is to evaluate the space-time behavior of productivity in a coffee plantation, aiming to apply AP techniques. The study was carried out in a coffee plantation of the species (Coffea arabica), cultivar Topázio MG1190, located in the municipality of Três Pontas, Brazil, with an area of 1.2 ha. With the aid of a GNSS RTK, 30 plants were georeferenced, from which their yields were later sampled in the years 2020, 2021 and 2022. The collected data were evaluated in two statistical processes in the RStudio software. The first stage consisted of a one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures, from the results it is concluded that there are differences between the production averages when buying the productivity of the years 2020, 2021 and 2022 and, in addition, the coefficient of variation for the three sets of samples was quite high (CV > 30%) indicating a heterogeneity between the data. The second stage consisted of a geostatistical analysis the data were fitted in a model and interpolated by ordinary kriging; the result was maps of spatial variability. Through these maps it was possible to evaluate the behavior of productivity spatially and temporally, as well as to quantify areas that had higher and lower levels of this attribute. It is concluded that productivity, even in the case of such a small productive area, can vary substantially in space and time, and the use of PA can help producers in decision making regarding management.

Key words:

biennial, geoestatistics, precision agriculture in coffee trees

1581-1596 A.A. Seixas, D.D. Fries, D.L.S. Dias, I. A.P.S. Santos, N.T. Cruz, F.A. Teixeira, P. Bonomo and F.P. Amaral Júnior
Carbohydrate and protein metabolism of marandu grass affected by nitrogen fertilisation and number of cuts
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Carbohydrate and protein metabolism of marandu grass affected by nitrogen fertilisation and number of cuts

A.A. Seixas¹*, D.D. Fries², D.L.S. Dias³, I. A.P.S. Santos¹, N.T. Cruz¹, F.A. Teixeira², P. Bonomo² and F.P. Amaral Júnior⁴

¹State University of Southwest Bahia, Post-graduate programme in Animal Science, Spring Square, 40, Spring, 45700000, Itapetinga, Bahia, Brazil
²State University of Southwest Bahia, Department of Exact and Natural Science,
Spring Square, 40, Spring, 45700000, Itapetinga, Bahia, Brazil
³State University of Feira of Santana, Department of Biological Sciences, New Horizon, 44036900, Feira of Santana, Bahia, Brazil
⁴4State University Paulista Júlio of Mesquita Filho, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Scienses of Jaboticabal, Vila Industrial, 14884900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
*Correspondence: angelseixas11@hotmail.com

Abstract:

Understanding the metabolism of tropical grasses in response to management practises imposed in pastoral environments allows for improvements in the management and use of mineral fertilisers. This study aimed to quantify metabolite content in different plant parts of Marandu grass (Urochloa brizantha), with a specific focus on the influence of nitrogen fertilisation and its effects following successive cuts. The treatments corresponded to four nitrogen (N) rates (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha^-1) and the number of cuts (one, two and three cuts). The plants were fractionated into leaves, stems, and roots to assess the content of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), starch, albumin, globulin, prolamin, and glutelin content. N fertilisation influenced the WSC and starch content in different parts of the plant, varying according to the cuts made. In the leaves and roots, fertilisation reduced the content of WSC and starch with one cut, as these were utilised as energy sources for assimilating the excess nitrogen in the soil. There was an increase in the concentration of all protein groups with nitrogen fertilisation in all parts of the plant with one cut. In plants cut two and three times, N fertilisation led to specific increases and decreases in different parts of the plants as an adaptive strategy for allocating resources as the number of cuts increased. Our results broaden our understanding of carbohydrate and protein metabolism in tropical grasses, thereby providing subsidies for the rational use of nitrogen fertilisers.

Key words:

cuttings, grasses, nitrogen, regrowth, reserves

1597-1606 J.M.W. Wibawanti, S. Mulyani, R. Hartanto and A.M.Legowo
Physicochemical properties of goat milk yoghurt with synbiotics from inulin of mangrove apple and Lactobacillus plantarum
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Physicochemical properties of goat milk yoghurt with synbiotics from inulin of mangrove apple and Lactobacillus plantarum

J.M.W. Wibawanti¹³, S. Mulyani², R. Hartanto¹ and A.M.Legowo²*

¹Universitas Diponegoro, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Department
of Animal Science, Semarang 50275, Central Java, Indonesia
²Universitas Diponegoro, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Department
of Food Technology, Semarang 50275, Central Java, Indonesia
³Universitas Muhammadiyah Purworejo, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Department of Animal Science, Purworejo 54151, Central Java, Indonesia
*Correspondence: anangmohlegowo@lecturer.undip.ac.id

Abstract:

Physicochemical changes could affect the quality of goat milk yoghurt. Yoghurt quality has been improved by incorporating a synbiotic derived from a prebiotic combined with probiotics. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of synbiotics (inulin of mangrove apple and Lactobacillus plantarum) in the physicochemical properties of goat’s milk yoghurt. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications, with differences in the concentration of synbiotics as much as 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8%. The addition of synbiotics was significant (p < 0.05) in the sugar reduction, colour, and syneresis of yoghurt products. They did not significantly affect (p > 0.05) the firmness of yoghurt texture. This study provides support for the addition of synbiotics to improve physicochemical properties of goat’s milk yogurt.

Key words:

inulin, mangrove apple, physicochemical, synbiotics, yogurt