Volume 23 (2025)
  Number 2

Full text of the Journal: Volume 23 Number 2

Contents

Pages
1017-1030 L. Āboliņa, A. Karlsons and A. Osvalde
Effect of shade treatment on the growth and vitality of cloudberry Rubus chamaemorus
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Effect of shade treatment on the growth and vitality of cloudberry Rubus chamaemorus

L. Āboliņa¹²*, A. Karlsons¹ and A. Osvalde¹

¹Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Agriculture and Food technology, Lielā street 2, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia
²University of Latvia, Institute of Biology, O. Vaciesa street 4, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
*Correspondence: laura.abolina@lu.lv

Abstract:

Cloudberry Rubus chamaemorus is a promising new berry species for cultivation in Latvia.  This study aimed to assess how different shade levels influence cloudberry growth and vitality in semi-controlled conditions. Cloudberries (variety ‘Nyby’) were planted in enclosed planting area and grown under four shading treatments, using shading nets: control (no shade), 30%, 50%, and 80% shade for two years. Non-destructive SPAD measurements were taken weekly during the growing season (from May to August) in both years. Leaf size was measured at the end of August in both years, while leaf density and leaf nutrient concentrations were determined at the end of August in 2024. The results revealed significant differences between treatments for all of the measurements, with the highest values observed in plants under the 80% shade in both years. In the second year, the 50% an 80% shade treatments had similar results. Overall, the highest plant vitality was observed under 50% and 80% shade, demonstrating that netting effectively protects cloudberries from excessive sunlight. While larger leaves might improve light capture, they also require additional energy, potentially reducing resources available for fruit production. Thus, we suggest the 50% shade to be the most effective for cloudberries in the Latvian climate, as it balances protection with optimal energy conservation. Additionally, optimal fertilizing in the field could improve plant health and yield, therefore further studies regarding the combined effects of shade and fertilization on cloudberry production are required.

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1031-1046 O. Aleksandrova, A. Põder, M. Kukk, A.-H. Viira and H. Tamm
The role of ICT and animal welfare concerns in Estonian food purchasing channel preferences
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The role of ICT and animal welfare concerns in Estonian food purchasing channel preferences

O. Aleksandrova¹, A. Põder¹²*, M. Kukk¹, A.-H. Viira¹³ and H. Tamm²

¹Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Chair of Rural Economics, Kreutzwaldi 1a, EE51006 Tartu, Estonia
²Estonian Dairy Cluster, Aretuse 2, EE61406 Märja, Tartu, Estonia
³The Centre of Estonian Rural Research and Knowledge, Agricultural Research Department, J. Aamisepa 1, EE48309 Jõgeva, Estonia
*Correspondence: anne.poder@emu.ee

Abstract:

The modern consumer is now more attentive to animal welfare practices, and this is an important factor when making food purchasing decisions. Different levels of concern for animal welfare as well as the use of information and communication technology (ICT) affect consumer food consumption and purchasing decisions and information access. This study explored both consumer preferences for food purchasing channels by using principal component analysis and regression analysis as well as the interaction between ICT use and animal welfare concerns. To analyse consumer preferences for food purchasing channels, we utilised data from a survey on the use of various retail outlets, such as buying online, retail stores, local markets, directly from producers, and organic or specialised shops. We used the varimax rotation method in principal component analysis to find the main factors in consumer choices related to animal health and welfare. Results from five generalised linear models indicated that Estonian consumers are more willing to purchase products of animal origin directly from producers or in organic or specialised shops when they pay attention to animal health and welfare. Animal health and general welfare practices aimed at ensuring the safety of food in large-scale production and distribution are significant for retail shop users. More frequent ICT use does not translate to a preference for online food shopping over more traditional retail purchasing. Compared with other age-gender groups, younger women prefer to buy food directly from producers. Older individuals in particular favour purchasing food from traditional retail stores rather than online. Consumers who prefer to buy food online are more concerned about animal health and welfare.

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1047-1059 Xh. Bytyçi, N. Hasanaj, M. Zeqiri, F.C. Ajazi, S. Makolli and S. Aliu
Seasonal and farm-specific variations in milk fat percentage: impact on quality and economic performance in dairy production
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Seasonal and farm-specific variations in milk fat percentage: impact on quality and economic performance in dairy production

Xh. Bytyçi¹, N. Hasanaj²*, M. Zeqiri¹, F.C. Ajazi¹, S. Makolli¹ and S. Aliu¹

¹Department of Food Sciences and Biotechnology, University for Business and Technology, Kalabria, XK10000 Prishtina, Kosovo
²Department of Food Science, University “Haxhi Zeka” KLA Str., XK30000 Peja, Kosovo
Correspondence: xhavit.bytyci@ubt-uni.net

Abstract:

This study investigated the seasonal dynamics of milk fat percentage and its economic implications across 83 small-scale dairy farms in the Istog region of Kosovo over one year. A total of 1,616 valid raw milk samples were collected and analyzed twice monthly per farm using the Gerber method. The average annual milk fat content was 3.75%, ranging from 2.90% to 4.00%. Statistically significant monthly differences were observed (Friedman test, p < 0.001), with May showing the highest average fat percentage (3.807 ± 0.133%) and August the lowest (3.682 ± 0.220%). While Spearman’s correlation did not indicate a significant relationship between ambient temperature and milk fat percentage, seasonal comparisons revealed significantly higher fat values in spring than in winter (p = 0.009, rrb = 0.543). Farm-level analysis showed considerable variation, with fat content ranging from 3.35% to 3.92%, likely reflecting differences in general management practices and potential variations in breed and feeding. An economic model based on €0.075 per 1% fat per liter of milk and an annual production of 36,000 liters per farm revealed income disparities of up to €1,539 per year due to fat percentage differences. These findings underscore the importance of improving farm-level practices and implementing seasonal management strategies to stabilize milk fat content and reduce economic losses, particularly during warmer months when fat levels tend to decline. Future research should further investigate the specific effects of cow breed, feeding regimes, and environmental management on milk composition.

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1060-1073 T. Fedoniuk, P. Pyvovar, P. Topolnytskyi, I. Bezvershuk, V. Tereshchuk and I. Puleko
Estimation of temporal and spatial characteristics of oat development parameters using Sentinel-1 backscatter data
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Estimation of temporal and spatial characteristics of oat development parameters using Sentinel-1 backscatter data

T. Fedoniuk¹*, P. Pyvovar¹, P. Topolnytskyi¹, I. Bezvershuk¹, V. Tereshchuk¹ and I. Puleko²

¹Polissia National University, Staryi Blvd., 7, UA10008 Zhytomyr, Ukraine
²Zhytomyr Military Institute named after S.P. Korolyov, Myru Avenue, 22, UA10004 Zhytomyr, Ukraine
*Correspondence: tanyavasiluk2015@gmail.com

Abstract:

The implementation of precision agriculture is an urgent priority for Ukraine’s agricultural sector under climate change and restricted use of unmanned aerial vehicles in border regions. This study aims to clearly define and evaluate the potential of Sentinel-1 radar data in identifying temporal and spatial variations in oat crop density and structure during the growing season under field conditions in Ukraine.  The technique encompassed the acquisition of Sentinel-1 satellite images in VV and VH polarizations, data processing by SNAP, field assessments of height, plant density, and phenological development, along with statistical analysis of the association between satellite data and land observations. The study demonstrated that the reflectance coefficient values in VV and VH polarizations fluctuate according to the oat development phase: a reduction in backscattering was noted at the onset of the growing season, followed by an increase during the stem formation and earing phases. The VH/VV ratio is responsive to variations in moisture, plant biomass, and stress conditions. The modelling demonstrated a substantial correlation among planting rate, herbicide application, and polarization markers. The findings validate the efficacy of Sentinel-1 for monitoring crop structure irrespective of weather conditions. This method enables farmers to obtain dependable information for making decisions regarding crop management, timely fertilizer application, or harvesting. The regression model demonstrated a consistent association with a R²=0.61, suggesting the potential for further research utilizing multi-year data to develop integrated yield forecasting models.

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1074-1096 M. González-Palacio, L. González-Palacio, S. Villegas-Moncada, C. Arrieta-González, M. Luna-delRisco and C. Arroyave-Quiceno
Enhancing biogas production predictions using ARIMAX models on mixed silages
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Enhancing biogas production predictions using ARIMAX models on mixed silages

M. González-Palacio¹*, L. González-Palacio², S. Villegas-Moncada³, C. Arrieta-González³, M. Luna-delRisco³ and C. Arroyave-Quiceno⁴

¹Universidad de Medellín, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Information Technology, Carrera 84 # 30-65, CO 050026 Medellín, Colombia
²Universidad EAFIT, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Product Design and Experience, Calle 49 # 7 Sur-50, CO 050022 Medellín, Colombia
³Universidad de Medellín, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Energy,
Carrera 84 # 30-65, 050026 Medellín, Colombia
⁴Universidad de Medellín, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Sciences, Carrera 84 # 30-65, CO 050026 Medellín, Colombia
*Correspondence: magonzalez@udemedellin.edu.co

Abstract:

Biogas production as a renewable energy source is gaining more attention from different actors in the energy sector due to the use of different residual products for its generation. This interest also comes from the agricultural sector. A typical crop used for biogas production is maize, which poses environmental challenges related to soil erosion and nutrient depletion. Furthermore, land use changes can also reduce biodiversity and attract pests. An increasing number of strategies to diminish these issues rely on combining maize with other leguminous plants, improving the nutritional silage profiles, and potentially enhancing biogas production. Nonetheless, adopting these new approaches remains limited since the farmers hesitate to invest in new technologies without clear and quantifiable improvements. In this regard, in this study, we propose time-series-based models to predict biogas and methane production based on the silage features of crops and the time-series data. In particular, we fitted models based on Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average with eXogenous variables (ARIMAX) to capture the temporal dependencies, aiming to characterize the methane volume and methane concentration accurately. We used a previously validated measurement campaign, which included other anaerobic digestion variables like volatile solids, crude protein, cellulose, and hemicellulose, among others, from crops of maize and mixed maize-legume silages, along with the production of biogas and methane, with a sample period in days. The reactor was a 5 L fermenter operated at 40  °C with manual mixing daily. It used inoculum and silage, with a 21-day delay before measurement. Biogas volume was recorded using a measuring cylinder, and composition was analyzed with a Dräger X-am 8000. We tested our ARIMAX-based models regarding their goodness of fit using the determination coefficient R2 and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). In the case of the methane volume, we obtained an R2 of 0.92 and an RMSE of 0.001 liters, and for the case of methane concentration, our models exhibited an R2 of 0.908 and an RMSE of 0.85%. Our promising models help farmers, researchers, and policymakers to accurately characterize and forecast biogas and methane production as promising renewable energy generation technologies.

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1097-1108 M.A. Hussein, A.A.A. Luhaib and K.A. Aikins
Utilizing APSIM model for predicting wheat yield in no-tillage farming systems in Ninawa
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Utilizing APSIM model for predicting wheat yield in no-tillage farming systems in Ninawa

M.A. Hussein¹, A.A.A. Luhaib¹* and K.A. Aikins²³

¹University of Mosul, Center for Arid Farming and Conservation Agriculture Research’s (C.AFCAR), Al Majmoaa Street, IQ41002 Mosul, Iraq
²Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, MCGM+M8M, Kumasi, Ghana
³University of South Australia, Agricultural Machinery Research and Design Centre, STEM, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
*Correspondence Email: adnan.luhaib@uomosul.edu.iq

Abstract:

This research explored how wheat responds agronomically when cultivated under
no-tillage and multi-tillage farming scenarios, representing conservational and conventional systems, respectively. Using site-specific soil data, the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) was calibrated to investigate the long-term (7 winter seasons) influence of tillage-induced soil health on crop yield, and some of the yield components. As a results, wheat yields and yield components were significantly (p-value <0.05) higher under no-tillage conditions. In years with moderate rainfall (≈ 230 to 400 mm in-season), the predicted values of grain yield and total biomass between no-tillage and multi-tillage systems showed superiority to no-tillage system. Despite the demonstrated superiority of the no-tillage system in providing the best values for the investigated indicators under dry conditions, the differences in grain yield and total biomass between the two farming systems decreased with increasing rainfall. The differences in simulated and observed data were 13% and 8% for grain yield and biomass, respectively, under no-tillage condition, and approximately 6% and 10% for grain yield and total biomass, respectively, under multi-tillage condition. APSIM simulated outcomes showed that increased productivity, and annual yield under no-tillage system, was able to increase total financial incomes of wheat by USD120–396 ha−1 depending on in-season rainfall and the tillage system practiced. Therefore, no-tillage appears to offer a more sustainable and viable approach to boosting nutrition uptake and grain yield compared to the conventional technique in water-limited environments.

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1109-1127 A. Katsileros, M. Giannakoulia, T. Fraggatzis, E. Tani, I. Mandala and Penelope J. Bebeli
Evaluation of agromorphological and grain physical traits in Greek barley accessions
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Evaluation of agromorphological and grain physical traits in Greek barley accessions

A. Katsileros¹*, M. Giannakoulia¹, T. Fraggatzis¹, E. Tani¹, I. Mandala² and Penelope J. Bebeli¹

¹Agricultural University of Athens, Department of Crop Science, Iera Odos 75, GR11855 Athens, Greece
²Agricultural University of Athens, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iera Odos 75, GR11855 Athens, Greece
*Correspondence: katsileros@aua.gr

Abstract:

This study assessed the agromorphological and grain physical traits of twelve barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) accessions, comprising eight Greek landraces and four cultivars, over two consecutive growing seasons (2022–2024). Significant genotypic effects and accession-by-year interactions were observed for most agromorphological traits, particularly plant height, spike morphology, and grain yield components. Grain physical characteristics, evaluated during one season, also revealed clear genotypic differentiation. Specific landraces, H1 (from Amorgos Island), H8 (from Pyrgos Region), and the old cultivar Athinaida, demonstrated high productivity and adaptability, performing comparable to, or even surpassing, modern cultivars under variable Mediterranean conditions Accessions originating from the Greek islands produced smaller but firmer grains, traits that likely reflect adaptation to arid environments, whereas those from the mainland and modern cultivars exhibited larger, less firm grains. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis, integrating both agromorphological and grain physical traits, revealed consistent patterns of differentiation, grouping accessions according to their geographic origin and breeding status. These findings highlight the genetic value and adaptive potential of Greek barley landrace genetic material for breeding programs aiming to improve resilience, quality, and yield stability in low-input agricultural systems.

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1128-1139 J. Lumi and A. Tooming
Analysis of charging capacity for electric vehicles in soviet-era apartment districts from the perspective of substation power availability
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Analysis of charging capacity for electric vehicles in soviet-era apartment districts from the perspective of substation power availability

J. Lumi* and A. Tooming

Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute on Forestry and Engineering,
Chair of Energy Application Engineering, F.R. Kreutzwaldi 1, EE51006 Tartu, Estonia
*Correspondence: janek.lumi@emu.ee

Abstract:

This article analyses the potential for electric vehicle (EV) home charging in a Soviet-era apartment district powered by the Lammi substation in Tartu, Estonia. Using one year of hourly electricity consumption data from 360 apartments, the study evaluates three load management scenarios to determine how many EVs can be supported without overloading the existing transformer infrastructure. The analysis is based on a worst-case winter week, reflecting realistic household consumption patterns and typical EV charging behaviour, which does not require daily charging. Three load control strategies are compared: (1) dynamic load management limited by weekly peak load; (2) fixed nighttime charging within a capped substation load; and (3) full dynamic charging for all apartments. The results show that up to 96, 218, and 360 EVs could be supported under these respective scenarios. The findings highlight how the choice of charging strategy significantly affects infrastructure demands and demonstrate that coordinated load management can enable broader EV integration without immediate large-scale investment. The study contributes practical insight for energy planners and housing associations seeking to align smart charging systems with the technical limits of existing substations.

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1140-1146 I. Lusis, I. Sematovica and M. Ostrovska
The cow reproductive perspective in relation to the colostrum quality and udder health in early lactation
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The cow reproductive perspective in relation to the colostrum quality and udder health in early lactation

I. Lusis¹*, I. Sematovica² and M. Ostrovska²

¹Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Str. K. Helmana 8, LV3004 Jelgava, Latvia
²Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Institute, Str. K. Helmana 8, LV3004 Jelgava, Latvia
*Correspondence: ivars.lusis@lbtu.lv

Abstract:

The study aimed to evaluate cow reproductive performance in relation to colostrum quality measured using a digital Brix refractometer and udder health in early lactation. A dataset of 676 cows was collected from one commercial dairy farm in Latvia over 36 months in 2022–2024. Colostrum Brix% was associated with the year and season of the year. The colostrum quality, as measured by the Digital Brix refractometer, was acceptably high, ranging from 23 to 30 in all cows during the study. The main individual factors associated with colostrum Brix% were the number of lactations, the sex of the calf, and lactose content in the first milk recording after calving. No association was detected between colostrum Brix% and the length of the dry period or the last milk recording data. Neither somatic cell count nor colostrum Brix% was associated with reproductive performance, service period, or the number of inseminations.

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1147-1168 K. Mallinger, L. Corpaci, G. Goldenits, T. Neubauer, I.E. Tikász and T. Banhazi
Using machine learning techniques to assess the technology adoption readiness levels of livestock producers
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Using machine learning techniques to assess the technology adoption readiness levels of livestock producers

K. Mallinger¹²*, L. Corpaci², G. Goldenits², T. Neubauer³, I.E. Tikász⁴ and T. Banhazi⁵⁶

¹SBA Research, Complexity and Resilience Research Group, Floragasse 7/5,
AT1040 Vienna, Austria
²University of Vienna, Kolingasse 14–16, AT1090 Vienna, Austria
³TU Wien, Institute of Information Systems Engineering - Data Science, Floragasse 9-11, AT1040 Vieanna, Austria
⁴Institute of Agricultural Economics, Nonprofit Kft., Zsil u. 3–5, HU1093 Budapest, Hungary
⁵AgHiTech Kft, Kisbacom utca 1, Budapest, Hungary, 110, Budapest, Hungary
⁶Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida Str. 25,
PL50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
*Correspondence: kmallinger@sba-research.org

Abstract:

Technology adoption in agriculture, particularly in precision livestock farming (PLF), is often hindered by a range of barriers such as high investment costs, limited infrastructure, and uncertainty regarding the reliability and integration of new systems. Understanding these barriers is crucial for promoting the uptake of innovations that enhance sustainability and productivity. This study investigates technology adoption barriers in precision livestock farming to support sustainable agricultural development. A survey of 266 farms across several European countries and Israel was conducted to assess existing infrastructure and farmers’ attitudes toward smart farming technologies. Using machine learning techniques, farmers were grouped into two clusters representing different levels of technological readiness. The study identified the most prominent factors influencing technology adoption, including the presence of smart technologies on-site, market accessibility, cost efficiency, and the ability to manage labor shortages. A Logistic Regression model further demonstrated high predictive accuracy for farmers’ technological readiness based on these characteristics. These findings provide valuable insights into the main drivers and barriers of PLF adoption and highlight the relevance of data-driven approaches for requirement analysis and targeted policy interventions. By uncovering critical user traits and adoption barriers, this study offers structured guidance for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers to foster the broader adoption of precision livestock technologies.

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1169-1184 M.M. Marenych, K.V. Koba, V.V. Hanhur, S.O. Yurchenko, S.M. Shakalii, A.V. Bahan, O.O. Chetveryk and A.M. Rybalchenko
The influence of irrigation and seeding rates on the yield of female components lines of corn in conditions of unstable moisture in Ukraine
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The influence of irrigation and seeding rates on the yield of female components lines of corn in conditions of unstable moisture in Ukraine

M.M. Marenych¹, K.V. Koba³, V.V. Hanhur², S.O. Yurchenko¹, S.M. Shakalii²*, A.V. Bahan¹, O.O. Chetveryk¹ and A.M. Rybalchenko¹

¹Poltava State Agrarian University, Educational and Research Institute of Agrotechnology, Breeding and Ecology, Department of Breeding, Seed Science and Genetics, 1/3, Skovorody Str., UA36003 Poltava, Ukraine
²Poltava State Agrarian University, Educational and Research Institute of Agrotechnology, Breeding and Ecology, Department of Plant Science, 1/3, Skovorody Str., UA36003 Poltava, Ukraine
³LLC Poltava Sad, village of Rozsoshentsi, UA36000 Poltava, Ukraine
*Correspondence: shakaliysveta@gmail.com

Abstract:

In regions with insufficient rainfall or different climates, the use of irrigation systems is an important element of corn growing technology. The variation in corn yield on non-irrigated lands is 533% and 200% greater than on irrigated lands. Corn yield also depends heavily on sowing density. The optimal plant density is an unstable value. Field studies were conducted in conditions of unstable moisture in the central part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, which according to agro-climatic zoning belongs to the zone of unstable moisture. The experimental design included: assessment of the characteristics of weather conditions during the years of research (2021–2023) and their impact on seed yield (factor A); determination of seed productivity of female components linesof hybrids of different maturity groups P4/440, P5/320, P6/240 (factor B); the impact of growing hybrids with and without irrigation (factor C); the effect of different seeding rates on seed yield (60, 70, 80, 90 thousand seeds per ha-1) (factor D). The test results show that during the change in corn productivity depending on genetic properties, seeding rate and irrigation, the late-ripening hybrid P4/440 was characterized by the highest grain yield when grown under irrigation, with a seeding rate of 90 thousand similar seeds per ha-1 a decrease in the seeding rate from 90 to 80, 70, 60 seeding rate thousand seeds ha-1 was accompanied by a decrease in the yield of seeds of female components lines: in the early-ripening hybrid P6/240 – by 0.31, 0.63 and 1.10 t ha-1 or 5.7, 11.5 and 20.1%, in the mid-ripening hybrid P5/320 – by 0.59, 1.08 and 1.42 t ha-1 or 9.8, 17.9 and 23.5%, in the late-ripening hybrid P4/440 – by 0.39, 0.74 and 1.28 t ha-1 or 6.0, 11.4, 19.8%. The greatest influence on the formation of yield is the irrigation factor – 53%. Genetic properties influenced 28%. gradual increase in the yield of seeds of female components lines of culture when increasing the seeding rate from 60 to 70 thousand seeds ha-1 (by 0.01 t ha-1) and reaching a maximum at a rate of 80 thousand seeds ha-1 (by 0.05 t ha-1).  But with an increase in the seeding rate to 90 thousand ha-1, the seed yield sharply decreased by 0.13 t ha-1. The highest yield in variants without irrigation was observed when using the minimum seeding rate – 60 thousand seeds ha-1. A gradual increase in the seeding rate without irrigation
led to a negative result, in particular, a decrease in the average yield for corn hybrids by
0.07–0.31 t ha-1 or 1.8–7.9%. Hybrids reacted differently to the seeding rate and cultivation on rainfed and irrigated land. Early ripening hybrid P6/240, mid-ripening P5/320 and late-ripening P4/440 hybrids formed the highest seed yield when grown under irrigation with a seeding rate of 90 thousand seeds ha-1. When grown without irrigation, the best conditions for the formation of plant components and high yield were noted at the lowest seeding rate of 60 thousand seeds ha-1. The minimum seeding rate ensured the production of seeds with a high mass of 1,000 seeds.

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1185-1202 A.O. Markosyan, M.H. Zadayan, G. Azgaldyan, S.K. Baghdasaryan, S.Z. Kroyan and S.A. Markosyan
Assessment of the spatiotemporal changes of saline-alkaline soils using GIS and, geospatial technologies methods: a community case study
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Assessment of the spatiotemporal changes of saline-alkaline soils using GIS and, geospatial technologies methods: a community case study

A.O. Markosyan¹, M.H. Zadayan²*, G. Azgaldyan³, S.K. Baghdasaryan¹, S.Z. Kroyan⁴ and S.A. Markosyan⁵

¹Armenian National Agrarian University, Scientific Center of Soil Science, Agrochemistry and Melioration named after H. Petrosyan, Department of Soil Science, Agrochemistry and Geography of Soils, 24 Admiral Isakov Ave, AM0004 Yerevan, Armenia
²Center for Agricultural Research and Certification, State Non-Commercial Organization of the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevanyan highway 2nd deadlock, building 4, Armavir Marz, v. Merdzavan, AM1139, Armenia
³Hydrometeorology and Monitoring Center of the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Armenia, State Non-Commercial Organization, GIS and Remote Sensing Service, 46 Charenc, AM0025 Yerevan, Armenia
⁴National University of Architecture and Construction of Armenia, Department of Engineering Geodesy, Teryan St. 105, AM0009, Yerevan, Armenia
⁵Yerevan State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Biology, 1 Alex Manoogian, AM0025 Yerevan, Armenia
*Correspondence: mhzadayan@gmail.com

Abstract:

Currently, in many countries, soil salinization is recognized as one of the primary land degradation processes, particularly in arid regions, where it significantly limits soil fertility and worsens ecological conditions.

The widespread occurrence of solonetzic soils, including soda-type saline-alkaline soils, along with the intensification of salinization under changing climatic conditions and anthropogenic pressure, highlights the urgent need to update data on their distribution and expansion trends.

This study, conducted between 2020 and 2022, presents the results of a survey of 600 hectares of saline soils in the Mrgashat settlement, Armavir Region, Republic of Armenia (center coordinates: 44° 5′ 14.36″ E, 40° 7′ 14.57″ N). A quantitative and qualitative assessment of the current state was carried out using GIS and remote sensing data, alongside soil sampling from six designated points.

Newly salinized areas over the past 10 years were mapped, and the dynamics and direction of salinization were analyzed. The validity of the findings was corroborated by field survey data and relevant statistical indicators.

The results indicate a clear trend of spatial and temporal expansion of salinized soils. Over the last two decades, the total salinized area has increased by 54 hectares, representing a 10.1% growth.

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1203-1218 M.L. Matos, G.B. Lyra, D. Cecchin, C.M. Hüther, J.P. Francisco, M.F. Jorge, C.R. Pereira, L.S. Hamacher and L.D.B. da Silva
Construction, calibration and evaluation of mini-lysimeters in the management of irrigation in a protected environment
Abstract |
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Construction, calibration and evaluation of mini-lysimeters in the management of irrigation in a protected environment

M.L. Matos¹, G.B. Lyra², D. Cecchin³*, C.M. Hüther³, J.P. Francisco⁴, M.F. Jorge², C.R. Pereira³, L.S. Hamacher³ and L.D.B. da Silva²

¹Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden Research Institute (JBRJ), 915 Pacheco Leão street, Jardim Botânico, ZIP Code: 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
²Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Engineering Department, Seropédica Campus, Highway BR 465, Km 7, ZIP Code BR23890000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
³Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Praia Vermelha Campus, Rua Passo da Pátria, 156, ZIP Code 24210-240, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
⁴State University of Maringá, (UEM) –Ângelo Moreira da Fonseca Avenue, n. 1800, Parque Danielle, Umuarama Campus, ZIP Code 87506-370, Umuarama - PR, Brazil
*Correspondence: daianececchin@id.uff.br

Abstract:

The production of forest seedlings requires controlled environments and specific practices, highlighting the need for rational irrigation management. Historically, excessive irrigation has compromised seedling quality, underscoring the importance of developing technologies and research focused on water use efficiency in nurseries. Thus, technologies that are more financially accessible to producers contribute not only to cultivation but also to the social inclusion of these producers in broader markets. Mini-lysimeters can be effectively used to monitor the water balance in potted and tray-grown plant production, thereby reducing water waste in forest nurseries. In this study, portable electronic weighing mini-lysimeters were constructed for greenhouse evapotranspiration research using load cells (capacity: 20 kg), as sensor elements, and dataloggers for data acquisition. Calibration curves were established by correlationg standard weights and voltage readings, and were analyzed using regression analysis. The coefficient of determination () and the standard error of estimation (SEE) were used to evaluate model accuracy. Under field conditions, the lysimeters’ performance was assessed using the correlation coefficient (r); Willmott’s index (d); performance index (c) and SEE, with pine and eucalyptus seedlings. The calibration curves were well described by linear models, with  values exceeding 0.994. The highest SEE (2.44 g), observedin mini-lysimeter III, remained below the 4 g detection threshold of the load cell. All performance indicators (r, d, and c) were above 0.999, with SEE values ranging from 6.2 to 36.2 g (less than 1 g per tube), demonstrating that the mini-lysimeters are suitable for monitoring daily evapotranspiration.

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1219-1234 A. Mattia, M. Merlini, F. Squillace, G. Rossi, L. Conti and V. Becciolini
Assessment of CO2 emission rate from extended area sources with WindTrax model in a dairy cattle farm
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Assessment of CO2 emission rate from extended area sources with WindTrax model in a dairy cattle farm

A. Mattia, M. Merlini, F. Squillace, G. Rossi, L. Conti and V. Becciolini*

University of Florence, Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry,
via San Bonaventura 13, IT 50145 Firenze, Italy
*Correspondence: valentina.becciolini@unifi.it

Abstract:

This paper aimed to evaluate the WindTrax model to quantify CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions in a commercial dairy cattle farm in Central Italy with a low-cost measurement system. A field trial of 20 minutes was conducted in February 2023, using two G-eko 2.0 MSPs (multi-sensor platforms), an anemometer, and a GNSS receiver, in unstable atmospheric conditions. Then, 5-minute averaged data were used as input in the WindTrax software for applying the backward Lagrangian Stochastic model. The model was used for calculating four mean CO2 emission rates (0.20212 ± 0.04994 g m-2 s-1) with 50,000 particles and the horizontal dispersion of CO2 concentrations around the sources using different numbers of particles (5,000, 10,000, 30,0000, and 50,000). Atmospheric dispersion maps, confidence interval concentration maps, and vertical profile plots were obtained by increasing the number of particles. The model shows better performances, in terms of confidence intervals, with a high number of particles with a stabilization of modeled median values between 30,000 and 50,000 particles. Horizontally, the lowest confidence intervals (near to zero) were obtained at 100–150 m from the sources along the wind direction, suggesting that the downwind sensor could be placed at a greater distance. Similarly, a better-defined vertical trend in modeled concentrations is observed as the number of particles increases. Wind gusts could have a great effect on emission rate calculation with limited sampling periods, as in this case, but simultaneously unstable atmospheric conditions affect the increased dispersion and dilution of CO2.

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1235-1250 I. Morozova, I. Jansone and S. Cerina
Exploring the economic viability and agronomic effects of green manure mixtures on winter wheat yields in organic farming in Latvia: a multi-location study
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Exploring the economic viability and agronomic effects of green manure mixtures on winter wheat yields in organic farming in Latvia: a multi-location study

I. Morozova*, I. Jansone and S. Cerina

Institute of Agricultural Resources and Economics1, Department of Plant Breeding and Agroecology, Zinatnes Str. 2, Priekuļi, Priekuļi parish, LV-4126 Cesis municipality, Latvia
*Correspondence: inga.morozova@arei.lv

Abstract:

This study explores the adaptation of green manure practices to Latvia’s climatic and soil conditions to enhance soil productivity and economic returns in organic farming systems. The study aims to identify the most suitable green manure mixture by evaluating economic factors, dry matter yield, nutrient amount, and its impact on winter wheat yields in organic fields across different locations in Latvia, considering variations in meteorological conditions. Field trials compared three mixtures: oats-mustard-oilseed rape–buckwheat (non-legume), oats-buckwheat-peas (legumes < 50%), and oats-lupin-vetch (legumes > 50%) against a control (black fallow). Data were collected on dry matter production, nutrient accumulation (N, P, K amount), winter wheat yields, and economic performance. The results revealed a significant variation in dry matter yield depending on year and location. Mixture with non-legumes at the farms ‘Gaikeni’ and ‘Geidas’, as well as mixture with legumes below 50% at ‘Gaikeni’, Ltd. ‘Mazbungas’, and ‘IRGK serviss’, produced significantly higher dry matter yields (P < 0.05). Despite lower biomass yield in certain years, mixture with legumes above 50%, through the follow-up effect, significantly increased winter wheat yields under optimal conditions at Ltd. ‘Mazbungas’ and farm ‘Gaikeni’ being higher by 96.05% and 93.59%, respectively, compared to the control. Economic analysis revealed significant gross margin advantages for green manure cultivation, demonstrating its financial viability. This study underscores the potential of green manure practices in enhancing the sustainability of organic farming, improving yields, and increasing profitability, while highlighting the importance of selecting region-specific mixtures to account for climatic variability.

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1251-1265 Y. Olifir, T. Partyka, O. Havryshko, H. Konyk, H. Panakhyd, N. Kozak and V. Ivaniuk
Iron content and qualitative composition in a waterlogged agricultural soil under long-term agrogenic influence, Western Ukraine
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Iron content and qualitative composition in a waterlogged agricultural soil under long-term agrogenic influence, Western Ukraine

Y. Olifir¹*, T. Partyka¹, O. Havryshko¹, H. Konyk¹, H. Panakhyd¹, N. Kozak¹ and V. Ivaniuk²

¹Institute of Agriculture of Carpathian Region of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 5, Hrushevskoho Str., UA81115 Obroshyne, Lviv region, Ukraine
²Stepan Gzhytskyi National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies, 1, Volodymyra Velykoho Str., UA80381 Dublyany, Lviv region, Ukraine
*Correspondence: olifir.yura@gmail.com

Abstract:

Iron, a typomorphic element of hydromorphic and semi-hydromorphic soils, significantly influences soil formation processes. Despite being relatively well studied, there is a lack of data on the content of its mobile compounds in Albic Pantostagnic Luvisol. Therefore, the study’s main objective is to determine the amount, profile distribution, and seasonal dynamics of Fe compounds in a waterlogged agricultural soil subjected to different levels of long-term anthropogenic influence. Research conducted in a long-term stationary experiment shows that the composition of mobile forms of iron in Albic Pantostagnic Luvisol is dominated by the oxide form Fe3+. The highest Fe3+ content (160.6 mg kg-1) was found in the humus-eluvial layer of the control soil without fertilizer, while Fe2+ compounds reached 46.6 mg kg-1 at рНKCl 4.30. Long-term application of an organo-mineral fertilization system combined with liming by hydrolytic acidity reduced the content of mobile iron compounds to 128.0 mg kg-1, of which Fe2+ accounted for 12.64 mg kg-1 at рНKCl 5.45. Under an identical fertilization system with liming by pH buffering capacity, the Fe2+ content was 28.0 mg kg-1, with a total content of 118.0 mg kg-1 and рНKCl of 5.54. In the natural conditions of forest and fallow land, the highest contents of mobile iron were 231.7 and 383.1 mg kg-1 in the 0–20 cm horizon with a significant predominance of Fe3+ compounds, 210.1 and 366.3 mg kg-1, respectively.

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1266-1282 I. Priede, Z. Roja, H. Kalkis and B. Sloka
Psychosocial work environment risks for museum workers in Latvia
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Psychosocial work environment risks for museum workers in Latvia

I. Priede¹, Z. Roja¹, H. Kalkis¹²* and B. Sloka¹²

¹University of Latvia, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Human Factors and Work Environment, Jelgavas street 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
²University of Latvia, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Department of Management Science, Aspazijas blvd. 5, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia
*Correspondence: henrijs.kalkis@lu.lv

Abstract:

In Latvia, as elsewhere in the world, psychosocial risks at work are considered to be a topical occupational risk in every sector of the economy, including the cultural sector. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychosocial risks of the working environment for museum workers in Latvia. The study involved 303 respondents from different museums in Latvia. A staff survey was conducted, and psychosocial risks at work were assessed using the short version of The Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire – COPSOQ III. The survey found that 73–77% of museum employees are women, with about a quarter of respondents reporting working more than 40 hours per week. Work is often performed in a forced posture, 28.1% of respondents complain of overwork, 70.3% of respondents report an unsuitable working environment, almost half of respondents indicate that they are exposed to harmful chemicals at work, and almost all employees report low pay. The results of the COPSOQ survey show that the main reasons why the majority of respondents have chosen to work in the existing museum are: the support of colleagues, a good atmosphere, the opportunity to use knowledge and skills, as well as the meaning of work. Future research will focus on using cognitive tests to better understand the psychosocial risks faced by museum workers.

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1283-1302 A. Puusepp, J. Jõgi and J. Lumi
Climate impact on electric vehicle energy consumption in the Baltic Region
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Climate impact on electric vehicle energy consumption in the Baltic Region

A. Puusepp*, J. Jõgi and J. Lumi

Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Kreutzwaldi street 1a, EE51006 Tartu, Estonia
*Correspondence: aimarpuusepp@gmail.com

Abstract:

Electric vehicles (EVs) have seen increased interest in recent years as a lower-emission alternative to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, with much of their growth driven by government subsidies and incentives across Europe. However, as these incentives have slowed, the EV market faces new challenges, particularly in the Baltic countries where the climate significantly impacts EV performance. Low temperatures, common in Baltic weather, can notably affect EVs’ range and energy efficiency, influencing operational costs and user satisfaction. Understanding how Baltic weather conditions, primarily temperature, influence the energy consumption of EVs is essential to gaining a deeper understanding of their efficiency in low temperatures and harsh weather conditions. The main aim of this study is to assess the impact of varying weather conditions on EV energy consumption, providing valuable insights into their efficiency under cold and variable climatic conditions. The primary goal is to identify the factors most responsible for increased energy consumption in these conditions. In this study, a series of controlled real-world driving tests were conducted, during which an EV (Nissan Leaf) was driven multiple times along identical routes under different weather conditions. The temperatures during these tests ranged from 20 °C to -15 °C. The 2024/2025 winter season was unusually warm in the Baltic region; therefore, tests could not be conducted at lower temperatures. Variables such as distance, temperature, battery state, and the use of accessories were recorded and subsequently analysed. Additionally, energy losses during EV battery charging were measured and evaluated. The collected data was analysed statistically, and mathematical models were developed to provide accurate predictions of battery usage under varying ambient temperatures. The results indicate that low temperatures increase EV energy consumption due to the additional energy required for battery and cabin heating. A more detailed analysis reveals that the most significant increase in energy consumption occurs at an ambient temperature of -10 °C. Overall, this study demonstrates that Baltic weather conditions can lead to a substantial decrease in EV range and efficiency, with low temperatures being the most impactful factor. By providing real-world data, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of EV efficiency in the Baltic region, offering practical insights for EV users and researchers.

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1303-1316 R. Rätsep, M. Maante-Kuljus, K. Karp, K. Seeme and U. Moor
Acid composition of wines depending on grapevine (Vitis spp.) cultivars grown in Estonia
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Acid composition of wines depending on grapevine (Vitis spp.) cultivars grown in Estonia

R. Rätsep¹²*, M. Maante-Kuljus¹, K. Karp¹, K. Seeme² and U. Moor¹

¹Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Chair of Horticulture, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, EE51006 Tartu, Estonia
²Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Chair of Food Science and Technology, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, EE51006 Tartu, Estonia
*Correspondence: reelika.ratsep@emu.ee

Abstract:

In Estonia’s very cool climate, excessive acid content in grapes can be a challenge due to delayed ripening. This study aimed to compare the acid profiles of commercial single-cultivar wines produced by Estonian winemakers, and assess the influence of grapevine cultivar. The wines were made from grapes of five different cultivars: ‘Solaris’, ‘Regent’, ‘Leon Millot’, ‘Cabernet Cortis’, and ‘Marquette’. The results revealed significant variation in malic, tartaric, citric, and lactic acid concentrations among the wines. Marquette exhibited the lowest malic acid content (0.3 g L⁻¹), while Leon Millot had the highest (4.4 g L⁻¹). Tartaric acid levels in wines ranged from 2.2 g L⁻¹ in Leon Millot to 4.1 g L⁻¹ in Regent. Citric acid levels varied considerably, with Solaris containing the highest concentration (1.44 g L⁻¹). Marquette had the highest lactic acid content (2.27 g L⁻¹), contributing to its smooth character. Total acid content in wines ranged from 6.9 g L⁻¹ in Marquette to 9.4 g L⁻¹ in Leon Millot, while pH values varied between 2.9 and 3.3. These findings indicate that grape cultivar significantly influences wine acid composition. Contrary to the hypothesis, excessive acid content was not a major issue in commercial wines; however, grape-growing conditions, such as high plastic tunnels, could alter this outcome. This study provides valuable insights for winemakers seeking to optimize acid balance and enhance wine quality in cool-climate viticulture.

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1317-1329 L. Shevchuk, Y. Vintskovska, R. Grynyk, S. Babenko, B. Mazur and V. Tonkha
Peculiarities of quality formation of apples(Malus domestica Borkh.) of ‘Dmiana’ variety
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Peculiarities of quality formation of apples(Malus domestica Borkh.) of ‘Dmiana’ variety

L. Shevchuk¹²*, Y. Vintskovska², R. Grynyk², S. Babenko², B. Mazur¹ and V. Tonkha²

¹National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Henerala Rodimtseva Str. 19, UA03041 Kyiv, Ukraine
²Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Sadova Str. 23, UA03027 Kyiv, Ukraine
*Correspondce: l.shevchuk_2021@ukr.net

Abstract:

The appearance, size and taste of fruit are among the main indicators of quality and marketability. These characteristics are determined by the content and ratio of biochemical components, which are influenced by the biotic and abiotic factors involved in cultivation. Studies have shown that the dry matter content of Dmina fruits is independent of rootstocks and planting schemes. However, the sugar content was significantly higher in fruits grown on M.26 rootstock with a planting scheme of 4.0×1.0 m and significantly lower in fruits grown on M.9 rootstock with the same planting scheme: 11.3% and 9.8%, respectively. Titratable acids were found in fruits grown on rootstock M.9 with a planting scheme of 4.0×0.5 m. In addition to the influence of planting scheme and rootstock, weather conditions also affected the biochemical content of Dmina fruits. Cool nights during the initial growth and development period contributed to dry matter accumulation, but negatively affected sugar synthesis. The correlation coefficients for all rootstock variants were higher than 0.703 and 0.911, respectively. The content of titratable acids depended significantly on the average daily and night-time air temperatures in the month before harvesting; this dependence was indirect and the correlation coefficients were high in all variants with rootstocks.

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1330-1374 Y. Tsytsiura
Formation of the root system of oilseed radish under long-term green manuring practices
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Formation of the root system of oilseed radish under long-term green manuring practices

Y. Tsytsiura*

Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, Faculty of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Protection, Soniachna street, 3, UA 21008 Vinnytsia, Ukraine
*Correspondence: yaroslavtsytsyura@ukr.net, yaroslav301974@gmail.com

Abstract:

The optimal selection of plant species for green manuring technologies is impossible without assessing the bioproductivity and morphometry of their root systems, which is an additional and significant factor in the effectiveness of both the growth processes of the green manure crop and its projected impact on the soil profile as a whole. Taking this into account for 11-year period, the bioproductivity of the root system of oilseed radish was assessed by morphological and weight parameters in the soil profile for two sowing dates of green manure: spring and summer. A wide range of methods based on Profile Wall, Monolith Method and Root maps of a profile wall were used to obtain the main functional indicators of the formation and spatial development of the root system.

It was determined that oilseed radish from the point of view of formation of morphological characteristics of the root system provided the yield of root biomass in dry matter of 1.19–1.77 t ha-1 in active interaction with the soil profile 40–80 cm deep with the formation of the following components of the root system morphotype in the range of long-term average values for sowing dates: average diameter of the root taproot 5.13–5.67 mm at its taper 0.55–0.66, volume 26.92–39.09 cm3, volume of root spreading zone 36.75–66.39×103 cm3, fractal dimension (D) 0.63–0.73, maximum root depth 47.36–64.41 cm, fraction of total root mass to the soil depth (0–30 cm) 0.77–0.79.

The dependence of the formation of indicators of bioproductivity of the root system with a direct nature on the amount of precipitation (determination 47.19–50.20%), water reserves in the soil (27.04–65.61%) and an inverse nature on the average daily temperature (21.44–25.70%), Vysotsky-Ivanov humidification coefficient (57.30–65.45), De Martonne Aridity Index (47.75–51.12) and soil hardness (37.21–59.29%) was determined.

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