Volume 24 (2026)
Special Issue I

Full text of the Journal: Volume 24 Special Issue I

Pages

4-17 S. Belloula, N. Khababa, R. Tiet and R. Amara Korba
Breaking new ground: floristic diversity and conservation implications in Bordj Bou Arreridj Forests, Algeria
Abstract |

Full text PDF (7 MB)

Breaking new ground: floristic diversity and conservation implications in Bordj Bou Arreridj Forests, Algeria

S. Belloula*, N. Khababa, R. Tiet and R. Amara Korba

Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi University, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences and of Earth and Universe Sciences, Department of Ecology and Environment, DZ34000 Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria
*Correspondence: salima.beloula@univ-bba.dz

Abstract:

This study assessed the floristic diversity and conservation status of two ecologically significant forests in Bordj Ghedir region, southeastern Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria: Ouled Hanneche (10,221.69 ha) and Ouled Khelouf (8,580.47 ha), covering a combined area of 18,802.16 hectares. Field inventories conducted in March 2023 across 13 stations, with 13 plots collected using random sampling methods. Weidentified 71 plant species from 32 families and 64 genera. The Asteraceae and Lamiaceae families were dominant. Hemicryptophytes and Therophytes were the most abundant life forms, and chorological analysis indicated a predominance of Mediterranean elements. Ecological indices (Shannon H’ up to 3.602; Simpson 1-D up to 0.97) confirmed high species richness and diversity, particularly in the Ouled Hanneche forest. Despite this richness, the ecosystems face threats from overgrazing, wildfires, and insect pests. The findings provide a critical baseline for conservation and underscore the need for sustainable management strategies, including protected area enforcement and community engagement, to preserve this unique Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot.

Key words:

biodiversity indices, Bordj Bou Arreridj, floristic diversity, forest of bordj ghedir

18-40 M. Rebai, K. Guimeur, N. Boulelouah, H. Bedjaoui and D. Haddad
Effect of different date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) compost modalities on soil parameters in the Algerian Semi-Arid Zone
Abstract |

Full text PDF (3 MB)

Effect of different date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) compost modalities on soil parameters in the Algerian Semi-Arid Zone

M. Rebai¹²*, K. Guimeur¹², N. Boulelouah³², H. Bedjaoui¹² and D. Haddad⁴

¹University of Biskra, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Natural and Life Sciences, Department of Agronomic Sciences, S BP 145 RP, 07000, Algeria
²Laboratory for Ecosystem Diversity and Agricultural Production Systems Dynamics in Arid Zones (DEDSPAZA), University of Biskra, Algeria
³University of Batna 1, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Allées 19 mai, Route de Biskra, Batna 05000, Algeria
⁴University Batna2, department of Health and Safety, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Fesdis, 05078 Batna, Algeria
*Correspondence: messaouda.rebai@univ-Biskra.dz

Abstract:

In the vast regions of eastern Algeria, the calcareous soils are characterised by low fertility. Moreover, these soils frequently lack organic matter and essential nutrients, limiting sustainable yield potential. This study aimed to assess the impact of using locally sourced date palm compost with mineral fertilisers on the improvement of soil fertility in a cereal-based system. A field experiment was arranged in a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with 11 treatments: date palm compost applied at three rates (C1: 30 t ha⁻¹, C2: 50 t ha⁻¹, C3: 70 t ha⁻¹), either alone or combined with monoammonium phosphate (C1M, C2M, C3M: 100 kg ha⁻¹ MAP) or urea (C1U, C2U, C3U: 50 kg ha⁻¹ urea), one treatment with sheep manure at 45 t ha⁻¹, and an untreated control.. The study evaluated the effects of varying rates of date palm compost and mineral fertilisers on soil chemical characteristics at two depths (0–20 cm and 20–40 cm). Results indicated that elevated compost rates, whether applied alone or combined with mineral fertilisers, significantly improved organic matter content, nutrient availability, and soil chemical balance at both depths. Combined treatments C3U (70 t ha⁻¹ compost + 50 kg ha⁻¹ urea) and C3M (70 t ha⁻¹ compost + 100 kg ha⁻¹ MAP) showed the greatest improvements, with C3M identified as the optimal treatment. Integrated date palm compost fertilisation is well-suited to the region’s calcareous soils, enhancing nutrient availability, improving soil fertility, and efficiently utilising a locally available resource. These findings suggest that integrating date palm compost with mineral fertilisers is a sustainable approche to improving soil fertility in semi-arid mediterranean systems.

Key words:

calcareous soils, compost, date palm, integrated fertilisation, semi-arid zone, soil fertility

41-53 A.S. Ribeiro, A.J.V. Pires, D.C. Santos, M.L.P. Albuquerque, F.F. Silva, I.C. Dutra, S.S. Amorim, P.C.S. Galvao, M.L.S. Santos, M.V. Amaral, P.P.P. Publio and G.R.S. Oliveira
Productive and feeding performance of dairy cows fed sugarcane bagasse ammoniated with urea and cottonseed
Abstract |

Full text PDF (482 KB)

Productive and feeding performance of dairy cows fed sugarcane bagasse ammoniated with urea and cottonseed

A.S. Ribeiro*, A.J.V. Pires, D.C. Santos, M.L.P. Albuquerque, F.F. Silva, I.C. Dutra, S.S. Amorim, P.C.S. Galvao, M.L.S. Santos, M.V. Amaral, P.P.P. Publio and G.R.S. Oliveira

State University of Southwest of Bahia, BR45700-000, Itapetinga, Bahia, Brazil
*Correspondence: amanda.s.ri@hotmail.com

Abstract:

The objective was to evaluate the use of ammoniated sugarcane bagasse (ASB) and cottonseed (CS) in the diet for lactating cows and their effects on intake, nutrient digestibility, dairy performance, microbial synthesis and ingestive behavior. The experiment was carried out at Bela Vista Farm (Encruzilhada-BA) and at the Forage and Pasture Laboratory of UESB (Itapetinga-BA), using eight multiparous ½ Holstein/Zebu crossbred cows with an average lactation of 20 kg day^-1 and body weight of 454.7 ± 23.6 kg. The cows were distributed in two 4×4 Latin squares, in a 2×2 factorial scheme, evaluating ammoniated sugarcane bagasse (30% or 40%) associated or not with cottonseed (0% or 18%). The experiment had four periods of 21 days, 17 of adaptation and 4 of collection, totaling 84 days. The interaction between the proportions of ASB and CS was not significant for any of the variables evaluated. The inclusion of 30% sugarcane bagasse obtained from sugarcane bagasse resulted in higher intakes of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), and total digestible nutrients (TDN), without influencing the consumption of neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein. Higher intake (P < 0.05) of DM, CP, NFC, and TDN was observed in the diet without sugarcane bagasse, and in the diet with sugarcane bagasse, EE intake was higher (P < 0.05). The ASB content and the inclusion of CS influenced digestibility at 40% ASB, and with CS, they provided lower digestibility. Furthermore, individual factors did not affect these variables (P < 0.05). Feed efficiency and percentage of total solids in milk were higher for diets with 40% ASB. The use of 40% ASB with CS is recommended.

Key words:

feeding behaviour, forage alternatives, milk composition, rumen fermentation, sustainability

54-73 K. Promnikorn, P. Saengnuan, P. Kittipadakul and E. Kraichak
Global systematic review of cassava production andmeta-analysis of the effects of fertilization on yield
Abstract |

Full text PDF (2 MB)

Global systematic review of cassava production andmeta-analysis of the effects of fertilization on yield

K. Promnikorn¹, P. Saengnuan², P. Kittipadakul³ and E. Kraichak¹*

¹Kasetsart University, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany,
Ngamwongwan Rd. 50, TH10900 Bangkok, Thailand
²Mahidol University International College, Department of Biological Science,
Phutthamonthon Sai 4 Rd. 999, TH73170 Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
³Kasetsart University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy,
Ngamwongwan Rd. 50, TH10900 Bangkok, Thailand
*Correspondence: ekaphan.k@ku.th

Abstract:

Cassava plays a significant role in global food security as a staple food crop for billions of people in developing countries. However, the systematic summary of recent studies on cassava production has not been thoroughly compiled. This study aimed to identify key aspects of cassava production, with a particular focus on the effects of fertilization, through a systematic review and meta-analysis. A search of the Scopus database from 1970 to 2022 identified 229 studies on cassava production, of which 83 met the inclusion criteria and were categorized into eight main topics: soil, pest and disease control, genetics and biotechnology, crop management, land, post-harvest and physiology, modeling, and environmental factors. The meta-analysis of studies regarding fertilizer application (n = 7) revealed a modest overall effect of fertilization on cassava yield (effect size = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.53–0.96), with micronutrients and macronutrients showing more significant effects compared to organic fertilizers. Additionally, the study found that regional differences influenced fertilization effectiveness, with South America and Southeast Asia showing higher positive responses to fertilization compared to Africa, likely due to varying soil fertility and nutrient limitations. Soil texture also significantly impacted fertilizer efficiency, with silt loam showing the highest fertilizer response. However, the results are based on a limited number of studies, highlighting a critical gap in agricultural research: the lack of comprehensive statistical reporting. This limitation hampers the ability to conduct more robust meta-analyses. Future research should focus on improving statistical reporting practices and exploring region-specific fertilizer strategies to enhance cassava yield sustainably.

Key words:

Forest plot, Fresh root yield, On-field, Random effect model, Standard Mean Difference (SMD)

74-95 A.M. Afandi, A.S. Halimatul, N.S. Amanina, Z.Z. Norliyana, O.A. Meilina, R. Mohd Shahrin, A.M. Nik Khairol and A.M.M. Hasnul
Effects of different spacing and polybag sizes on growth of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) seedlings in the main nursery
Abstract |

Full text PDF (3 MB)

Effects of different spacing and polybag sizes on growth of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) seedlings in the main nursery

A.M. Afandi, A.S. Halimatul*, N.S. Amanina, Z.Z. Norliyana, O.A. Meilina, R. Mohd Shahrin, A.M. Nik Khairol and A.M.M. Hasnul

Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
*Correspondence: halimatul.saadiah@mpob.gov.my

Abstract:

The significance of regulating spacing and polybag size in the primary oil palm nursery lies in ensuring an optimal growth environment for uniform and healthy seedlings. However, current recommendations provide limited quantitative evidence on how reduced spacing and smaller polybags influence seedling performance, leaving gap in a practical nursery management guideline. Therefore, an experiment was carried out in the oil palm main nursery to evaluate different spacing design and polybag sizes up to 14 months after planting (MAP). The spacing arrangement of seedlings significantly affected their growth performance compared to polybag sizes. Spacing below 0.75 m produced tall and etiolated seedlings, with height increasingly by 19.60% at 8 MAP and up to 32.00% at 12 to 14 MAP, accompanied by excessively elongated rachis length which made them unsuitable for field planting and problematic for nursery handling. In contrast, using smaller polybag size of 30 cm × 38 cm (12″ × 15″) resulted in only minor growth differences compared to the standard polybag, with no negative effect on seedling performance or nutrient content up to 12 MAP. There are specific needs for optimum seedling performance unrestricted by growth competition, minimal risk of etiolation, good survival rate, easy nursery maintenance, and reduced maintenance costs for higher profits. Based on current research findings, seedlings considered appropriate for field planting at 10 to 12 MAP must meet some specific criteria; including a bole diameter ranging between 49 to 64 mm, a total frond production between 11 to 15 per seedling, rachis length of frond 3 between 58 to 93 cm, seedling height within the range of 118 to 179 cm, and a petiole cross-section between 1.48 to 2.10 cm². These findings support the importance of maintaining acceptable spacing while supporting the use of smaller polybags to reduce costs without compromising seedling quality.

Key words:

oil palm nursery, oil palm seedling, polybag sizes, polybag spacing

96-113 S.G. Mohammed, H. Maaroufi Dguimi, S.H. Bashir, S.A. Tammam, H. Abdalgadir, S.M. Howladar and F.O. Alzahrani
Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Solanum incanum: medicinal plant from Al-Baha Region
Abstract |

Full text PDF (1 MB)

Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Solanum incanum: medicinal plant from Al-Baha Region

S.G. Mohammed¹², H. Maaroufi Dguimi¹*, S.H. Bashir¹³, S.A. Tammam⁴, H. Abdalgadir¹, S.M. Howladar⁵ and F.O. Alzahrani¹

¹Al-Baha University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
²University of Khartoum, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Khartoum, Sudan
³Bahri University, Collage of applied and industrial Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Sudan
⁴Assiut University, Assiut, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Assiut, Egypt
⁵University of Jeddah, College of Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
*Correspondence: houda_maaroufi@yahoo.fr

Abstract:

Solanum incanum is a prominent medicinal plant, used to treat various ailments. The current study sought to assess the phytochemical profile, as well as the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, of the crude methanolic extract and the corresponding chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and aqueous fractions of the leaves, stem bark, and fruits. Leaf and fruit extracts had the largest levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids referring to stem-bark. Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester is a major phytochemical component revealed in different plant parts, especially in stem-bark with 31.82% level. The 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester is also revealed in all plant parts, especially in leaf with 20.07%. Fruit and leaf ethyl acetate and water fractions showed the highest antioxidant capacity compared to stem-bark fractions. Using the agar disc diffusion method, antimicrobial activity was evaluated in vitro against four different bacterial species and one fungal species (Candida albicana). The ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and chloroform fractions of fruits and leaves showed strong antimicrobial activity against all microorganisms. Aqueous fraction of different plant parts was inactive or partially active against tested microorganisms. The high total content of phenols, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids, especially in leaves and fruits, correlates positively with the highest antimicrobial and antioxidant activities detected in these parts of the plant.

Key words:

free radical scavenging, GC-MS Analysis, phenolic compounds, Solanaceae

114-125 Suriani, H. Mirsam, Endriani, D. Meithasari and E.L. Ariyanti
Impact of combining fungicide use with calcium fertiliser for managing maize downy mildew
Abstract |

Full text PDF (1 MB)

Impact of combining fungicide use with calcium fertiliser for managing maize downy mildew

Suriani¹, H. Mirsam¹, Endriani¹*, D. Meithasari¹ and E.L. Ariyanti²

¹Research Center for Food Crops, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Bogor, 16915, West Java, Indonesia
²Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Islam Makassar,
Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan No.KM.9, RW.No.29, Tamalanrea Indah, Kec. Tamalanrea, Kota Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan 90245
*Correspondence: eendriani674@gmail.com/ endr012@brin.go.id

Abstract:

Downy mildew is one of the most destructive diseases of maize worldwide. Disease prevention needs to be done at an early stage of plant growth. Maize is most susceptible to downy mildew between 10 and 45 days after sowing (DAS). This study aims to determine the effectiveness of applying fungicides in the early stages of plant growth combined with the addition of calcium nutrients. The research was conducted in Maros Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, using a randomized block design two factor design. The first factor was five levels of fungicide application frequency, while the second included four fertiliser elements. The downy mildew inoculum source plants were planted and inoculated with Peronosclerospora spp. one month before planting the test genotypes. The results showed that repeated fungicide sprays in the early stages of plant growth effectively suppressed the downy mildew infection by 19.30%. Meanwhile, the first fertilisation at 10 DAS with nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium (NPCa) was the most effective in suppressing downy mildew compared to other fertilisation packages. The treatment combination of three repeated fungicide applications (10, 15, and 20 DAS) with NPCa fertilisation can reduce the incidence of downy mildew by up to 33.23%. However, this combination resulted in lower yields compared to NPK fertilisation. Consequently, further research is required to explore the most effective method for applying potassium and calcium fertilisers.

Key words:

downy mildew, fungicide, preventive

126–146 A.B. Pereira, R. Domingues, E.F. Caires and J.V. Mattos
Biological responses of barley as affected by soil moisture and cationic balance in Brazil
Abstract |

Full text PDF (724 KB)

Biological responses of barley as affected by soil moisture and cationic balance in Brazil

A.B. Pereira*, R. Domingues, E.F. Caires and J.V. Mattos

State University of Ponta Grossa, Campus of Uvaranas, 4748 Carlos Cavalcanti Avenue, BR 84030-900, State of Paraná, Brazil
*Correspondence: doctorpeartree023@gmail.com

Abstract:

Control of water in the soil-plant-atmosphere system is vital to assure maximization of crop yield. Nutrients uptake by the plants is considerably affected by soil moisture mainly because mineral nutrients reach out for roots as a function of mass flux and diffusion. Soil cationic balance might impinge upon calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) uptake by the plant roots. In light of the hypothesis that soil Ca:Mg ratio more suitable for agricultural crops hinges upon soil moisture, the current research aimed to study interrelationships between soil moisture status and cationic balance in soil on biological responsiveness of barley plants. The experiment was conducted in a protected environment and a randomized complete block design was used with three replicates arranged in a 4×4 factorial scheme. Soil water treatments imposed herein were defined as a function of four fractions of maximum crop evapotranspiration (ETm): 60, 80, 100, and 120% ETm along with four ratios between calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg): 1:1, 3:1, 6:1, and 9:1. The parameters evaluated were: plant height, number of tillers, number of ears per plant, number of grains per ear, number of grains per plant, grain weight per plant, and thousand-grain weight. Soil cationic balance did not impinge upon agronomic performance of barley crop, whereas all of response-variables evaluated were highly governed by soil water availability. Conversely, the most adequate soil Ca:Mg ratio to promote the best biological responsiveness of barley grown under a protected environment did not depend on soil moisture levels.

Key words:

grain yield, Hordeum vulgare L., soil Ca:Mg ratio, soil fertility, soil humidity

147–163 A.D. Dhotre, S.A. Thorat, B.S. Yelure and P.B. Jawade
An explainable AI-Driven Framework for Precision Agriculture: A Comprehensive Survey
Abstract |

Full text PDF (415 KB)

An explainable AI-Driven Framework for Precision Agriculture: A Comprehensive Survey

A.D. Dhotre¹*, S.A. Thorat²*, B.S. Yelure³ and P.B. Jawade⁴

¹Government College of Engineering, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Karad, Maharashtra, India
²Government College of Engineering, Department of Information Technology, Karad, Maharashtra, India
³Government College of Engineering, Department of Information Technology, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
⁴Government College of Engineering, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
*Correspondence: aakashdhotre12@gmail.com, sathorat2003@gmail.com

Abstract:

This review focuses on crop recommendation systems and provides a thorough explanation of Explainable AI (XAI) in precision agriculture. The paper charts the development of predictive models that have been published in the literature, from straightforward, comprehensible algorithms to extremely accurate ‘black box’ ensemble and deep learning models, as well as their lack of transparency, which may erode farmers’ confidence. In order to make these black box algorithms comprehensible and useful, the paper focuses on two XAI frameworks – LIME and SHAP – that are currently in use. The accuracy and explainability trade-off, problems with data heterogeneity, and the requirement for relevant user explanations are just a few of the significant gaps in the evidence base that are highlighted by the paper’s synthesis of the research. The paper’s concluding remarks provide a potential path toward integrated, reliable, and comprehensible AI systems that will enhance contemporary sustainable agriculture.

Key words:

crop recommendation system, deep learning, explainable AI (XAI), LIME, machine learning, precision agriculture, SHAP, trustworthy AI

164–178 D.C. Santos, A.J.V. Pires, F.F. Silva, A.S. Ribeiro, W.R. Andrade, M.L. Albuquerque, I.C. Dutra, G.R.S. Oliveira, M.P. Sousa, R.B. Mendes, M.L.S. Santos and M.V. Amaral
TMR silage with sugarcane bagasse and urea: effects on intake, digestibility, and feeding behavior in dairy heifers
Abstract |

Full text PDF (611 KB)

TMR silage with sugarcane bagasse and urea: effects on intake, digestibility, and feeding behavior in dairy heifers

D.C. Santos*, A.J.V. Pires, F.F. Silva, A.S. Ribeiro, W.R. Andrade, M.L. Albuquerque, I.C. Dutra, G.R.S. Oliveira, M.P. Sousa, R.B. Mendes, M.L.S. Santos and M.V. Amaral

State University of Southwest of Bahia, BR45700-000, Itapetinga, Bahia, Brazil
*Correspondence: amanda.s.ri@hotmail.com

Abstract:

This study evaluated the effects of total mixed ration (TMR) silage containing two levels of sugarcane bagasse (40% and 50% of dry matter), with or without urea inclusion (2.5%), on intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, microbial protein synthesis, and feeding behavior of dairy heifers. Eight crossbred heifers were assigned to two simultaneous 4×4 Latin squares in a 2×2 factorial arrangement. Urea inclusion reduced (P < 0.05) dry matter and neutral detergent fiber intake but improved dry matter and crude protein digestibility. Increasing bagasse level to 50% reduced (P < 0.05) intake and digestibility of nutrients, reflecting the higher fiber content and lower energy density of the diets. Nitrogen balance and microbial protein synthesis were not affected by treatments. Higher bagasse levels increased rumination time per unit of NDF and the number of ruminal boli, indicating greater physical demand for fiber processing. Overall, TMR silage containing 40% sugarcane bagasse without urea provided the best balance between intake and nutrient utilization. These results highlight the importance of optimizing fiber levels and nitrogen sources in TMR silage to improve efficiency in dairy heifer feeding systems under tropical conditions.

Key words:

bagasse, digestibility, feeding behavior, nitrogen balance, TMR silage

179–191 R. Slamani, R. Labadi, D. Deffairi, H. Fadel S, Ait Kaki and S. Akkal
Technological properties of Saanen goat’s milk in the context of mountain farming in Kabylia
Abstract |

Full text PDF (519 KB)

Technological properties of Saanen goat’s milk in the context of mountain farming in Kabylia

R. Slamani¹, R. Labadi², D. Deffairi³, H. Fadel⁴ S, Ait Kaki⁵ and S. Akkal⁴*

¹National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRAA), Experimental Station of Agronomic research, Food Technology Laboratory, Baraki road, BP 37, Algiers, Algeria
²National Higher School of Agronomy (ENSA), Department of Food Science, Chemistry Laboratory, Hassan Badi, 16200, El Harrach, Algeria
³University Saad Dahleb of Blida 1, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Sciences, Food Technology and Sustainable Development, Soumaa road, BP 270, Blida, Algeria
⁴Research Unit, Valorization of Natural Resources, Bioactive Molecules, and Physicochemical and Biological Analyses University of the Mentouri Brothers, Constantine, Aïn El Bey road, 25000, Constantine, Algeria
⁵University M’hamed Bougara of Boumerdes (UMBB), Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Valorization and Conservation of Biological Resources, Independence Avenue, BP 35000, Algeria
*Correspondence: salah4dz@yahoo.fr

Abstract:

The technological properties of milk are largely determined by its protein and mineral composition, which influence coagulation suitability and curd yield. This study examined the relationships between the composition of Saanen goat’s milk produced in mountainous pastoral conditions and technological indicators. Monthly milk samples collected from March to May were analyzed to determine their chemical composition, mineral profile, and coagulation aptitude. Casein content was identified as the main determinant of technological performance, demonstrating strong positive correlations with curd yield efficiency, daily curd yield, and solid recovery, as well as negative correlations with water retention in the curd. Conversely, the casein number showed limited predictive value. Milk fat also significantly contributed to technological ability by enhancing solid recovery and curd yield through its interaction with the protein matrix. Colloidal calcium exhibited moderate associations with coagulation properties. Seasonal effects were observed with improved curd structuring and moisture control from March to May. Overall, the technological aptitude of Saanen milk was moderate, mainly due to relatively low casein content. These findings highlight the importance of milk components in determining processing performance and provide practical insights for improving feeding strategies and milk utilization in similar agro-climatic conditions.

Key words:

curd yield, milk composition, nutrient recovery, Saanen goat milk, technological indicators.

192–206 F.C. Silva, V.R. Paula, G.B. Sabino, A.L. Belem, J.P.B. Cunha and M.M. Barros
Economic viability of different skeleton pruning-based management approaches in coffee (Coffea arabica L)
Abstract |

Full text PDF (551 KB)

Economic viability of different skeleton pruning-based management approaches in coffee (Coffea arabica L)

F.C. Silva¹*, V.R. Paula², G.B. Sabino³, A.L. Belem¹, J.P.B. Cunha⁴ and M.M. Barros⁴

¹Federal Fluminense University, Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Department, 156 Rua Passos da Pátria 156, bloco D, sala 235, 24210-240, Niterói, Brasil
²Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sul de Minas, Rodovia Machado - Paraguaçu, KM 03 - Santo Antônio, 37750-000, Machado, Brasil
³Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola
⁴Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Engineering Department, Rodovia BR 465, Km 07, s/n Zona Rural, 23890-000, Seropédica, Brasil
*Correspondence: flaviocastro@id.uff.br

Abstract:

Coffee is one of the most valuable commodities on the international market, and its cultivation is among the most important agricultural activities in Brazil. Skeleton pruning is used in coffee crops to maintain production capacity by promoting the recovery of weakened plants and correcting problems related to plant architecture. This study evaluated the effects of different coffee skeleton-pruning management approaches on operating cost, productivity, and profitability. The experiment was conducted in a 22-year-old field of the cultivar Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144, spaced at 2.8×1.0 m. The treatments were obtained by combining two types of skeletonization and four types of regrowth management, totaling eight treatments plus a control without skeletonization. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with six replications, totaling 54 experimental plots. Operational cost was estimated from the time required for each management practice and the corresponding fuel consumption. The results showed that skeletonization restricted to branches between rows stimulated the growth of plagiotropic branches between plants, whereas total skeletonization promoted the greatest vegetative recovery and the highest productivity. Although total skeletonization resulted in higher crop cost, the treatment combining total skeletonization with sprout control showed the best economic performance, with an increase in profitability of up to USD 6,300.00 ha⁻¹ compared with the control.

Key words:

Coffea arabica L, operating cost, profitability, semi-mechanized, skeleton

207-224 K. Laiche, I. Guedioura, M. Babaousmail, M. Messaoudi, A. Khechkhouch and M. Amara
Experimental evaluation of a modified bentleg plough: improving soil structure and water infiltration under South Mediterranean pedo-climatic conditions
Abstract |

Full text PDF (3 MB)

Experimental evaluation of a modified bentleg plough: improving soil structure and water infiltration under South Mediterranean pedo-climatic conditions

K. Laiche¹, I. Guedioura¹, M. Babaousmail²*, M. Messaoudi², A. Khechkhouch³ and M. Amara†¹

¹Research laboratory for conservation, management and improvement of forest ecosystems, National higher school of agronomy, ENSA, El Harrach, 16200 Algiers, Algeria
²BABDA Laboratory, University of El Oued, Faculty of Nature and life sciences, Department of Agronomy, 39000, El Oued, Algeria
³NTD Laboratory, University of El Oued, El Oued 39000, Algeria
*Correspondence: mahfoud-babaousmail@univ-eloued.dz

Abstract:

This study evaluates a mechanically modified Bent leg plough (experimental tool, ET) for deep soil decompaction under low tractor power conditions typical of South Mediterranean cereal systems. The tool integrates a curved blade with a negative rake angle to enhance subsoil loosening while preserving soil horizon integrity and minimizing draft resistance.

A field experiment using a randomized complete block design compared four tillage systems: conventional (CT), minimum (MT), no tillage (NT), and ET. Soil physical properties (penetration resistance and water infiltration) and durum wheat yield were assessed. A second trial related forward speed to specific fuel consumption to derive a Relative Traction Index (RTI), enabling comparison of traction demand and energy efficiency with a mouldboard plough.

Results showed that ET significantly improved infiltration and reduced soil compaction compared to CT, MT, and NT. Mean infiltration rates under ET were 63% higher than CT, 115% higher than MT, and 165% higher than NT (p < 0.05). Additionally, penetration resistance was reduced by up to 72% relative to NT, indicating enhanced porosity and structural stability across all soil profiles. Although CT achieved the highest yield (22.5 Qt ha⁻¹), ET produced comparable productivity (18.7 Qt ha⁻¹) with greater soil conservation and lower energy demand. Regression and ANOVA analyses confirmed that ET maintained stable soil conditions over time, unlike CT and MT, which showed rapid reconsolidation.

In term of energy performance, The ET maintained lower fuel consumption (12.6–17.4 L ha⁻¹) at significantly higher speeds than the conventional plough, which required up to 26.7 L ha⁻¹. A Relative Traction Index (RTI) analysis revealed th.

Overall, the modified Bent leg plough enables effective deep loosening with reduced compaction and traction requirements, while maintaining competitive yield under rainfed South Mediterranean conditions.

Key words:

bentleg plough, conservation tillage, durum wheat, infiltration, soil compaction, South Mediterranean region, subsoiling

225–236 S. Susiyanti,, W.S. Hamidah, A.A. Fatmawaty, Z. Millah, Kartina A.M., M. Mirajiani, S. Abdullah and S. Sjaifuddin
Early morphogenesis of kopyor coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) embryos in vitro as affected by light conditions and thidiazuron concentration
Abstract |

Full text PDF (2 MB)

Early morphogenesis of kopyor coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) embryos in vitro as affected by light conditions and thidiazuron concentration

S. Susiyanti¹,*, W.S. Hamidah¹, A.A. Fatmawaty¹, Z. Millah¹, Kartina A.M.¹, M. Mirajiani², S. Abdullah³ and S. Sjaifuddin⁴

¹Department of Agroecotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Serang, Banten Province, Indonesia
²Department of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Serang, Banten Province, Indonesia
³Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
⁴Department of Environmental Studies, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Serang, Banten Province, Indonesia
5Center of Excellent for Food Security, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Serang, Banten Province, Indonesia
*Correspondence: susiyanti@untirta.ac.id

Abstract:

Kopyor coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is a high-value coconut variant characterized by a naturally mutated endosperm; however, its propagation is constrained by low seed viability and inconsistent germination. In vitro culture offers a promising approach for large-scale propagation. This study evaluated the effects of light conditions and thidiazuron (TDZ) concentrations on the early morphogenesis of kopyor coconut embryos cultured in vitro. A split-plot design based on a completely randomized design was applied, with light conditions (dark and continuous light) as the main plot and TDZ concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 mg L⁻¹) as subplots. The results showed that light conditions did not significantly affect explant height, shoot number and root number, or root length (p > 0.05), although plumule formation occurred exclusively under light conditions. In contrast, TDZ significantly influenced explant height (p < 0.01), while its effects on other parameters were not significant. The application of 0.25 mg L⁻¹ TDZ produced the most favorable response, with explant height reaching 3.00 ± 0.14 cmunder light and 2.60 ± 0.17 cmunder dark conditions, accompanied by 0.95 shoots and 0.86 roots per explant. No significant interaction between light conditions and TDZ was detected. These findings indicate that early morphogenesis of kopyor coconut embryos is primarily regulated by endogenous hormonal balance, with low TDZ concentrations optimizing growth responses, while light plays a critical role in organ differentiation, particularly in plumule formation. The results provide a basis for improving in vitro propagation protocols for this economically important coconut variant.

Key words:

Cocos nucifera L., in vitro, kopyor coconut, light conditions, morphogenesis, thidiazuron