Efficient maize cultivation: pre-sowing seed inoculationsystem – optimal nozzle pressure and diameter

M.S. Shelest¹, M.L. Shuliak¹, A.O. Butenko²*, O.M. Bakumenko³, V.M. Zubko¹, O.M. Datsko², I.M. Masyk², V.M. Yatsenko², K.H. Sirovitskiy¹ and S.V. Rieznik⁴

¹Sumy National Agrarian University, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Department of Agroengineering, 160 H. Kondratieva Str., UA40021 Sumy, Ukraine
²Sumy National Agrarian University, Faculty of Agrotechnologies and Natural Resource Management, Department of Agrotechnologies and Soil Science, 160 H. Kondratieva Str., UA40021 Sumy, Ukraine
³Sumy National Agrarian University, Faculty of Agrotechnologies and Natural Resource Management, Department of Crop Protection, 160 H. Kondratieva Str., UA40021 Sumy, UA40021 Sumy, Ukraine
⁴State Biotechnological University, Faculty of Agronomy and Crop Protection, Department of Soil Science, 44 Alchevsky Str., UA61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine
*Correspondence: andb201727@ukr.net

Abstract:

Inoculation, as a technological operation, is currently underestimated, yet it has repeatedly proven its effectiveness. Its application in production or scientific research typically leads to improvements in yield, grain quality, or plant biometric parameters under study. However, the inoculation process itself is not standardized by any legislative act, so farmers rely solely on recommendations from manufacturers of inoculants and carry out this operation using, so to say, makeshift means. Therefore, a system of at-planting inoculation has been developed, which involves conducting this operation directly in the field. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the parameters of pressure and nozzle diameter that would provide the optimal amount of inoculant on the seeds and would be as close as possible to the manufacturer’s recommendations. To conduct the study, a system model was created in which nozzles with diameters of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 mm were investigated under pressures of 3, 4, 5 and 6 atm. The optimal amount of working solution per 1 ton of seeds was calculated for conducting the operation in the usual way, and the amount of liquid reaching 1,000 maize seeds was determined. Thus, the optimal pressure and nozzle diameter were identified. With a pressure of 3 atm in the system, none of the nozzles provide the required amount of working fluid. A similar situation occurs with a nozzle diameter of 0.2 mm. However, at higher pressure in the system and with other nozzle diameters, it is still possible to provide the necessary amount of liquid. Therefore, for the at-planting inoculation system, it is advisable to use a pressure of 4 atm and a nozzle diameter of 0.4 mm.

Key words:

000-seed weight, 1, density, inoculation system, optimal operating parameters, planter, seeder, tilled crops, Zea mays

The effect of ethyl 5′-(4-methoxybenzoyl)-5′,7′-dihydrospiro[cyclopentane-1,6′-[1,2,3]triazolo[5,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazin]-3′-carboxylate on Pinus sylvestris L. seed germination

Т.А. Kalinina¹, О.А. Vysokova¹, L.А. Khamidullina¹², А.А. Kochubei³, О.Е. Cherepanova³ and Т.V. Glukhareva¹*

¹Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Mira street 19, RU620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
²Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis UB RAS, Sofia Kovalevskaya street 22, RU620990 Ekaterinburg, Russia
³Botanical Garden UB RAS, 8 Marta street 202a, RU620144 Ekaterinburg, Russia
*Correspondence: taniagluhareva@yandex.ru

Abstract:

Plant growth stimulators are capable of enhancing both agricultural output and the rate of plant maturation, consequently improving the total crop yield and increasing their resistance to disease and adverse environmental conditions. This is why such compounds are used in the cultivation of both agricultural and ornamental plants. The aim of this work was to study the effect of ethyl 5′-(4-methoxybenzoyl)-5′,7′-dihydrospiro[cyclopentane-1,6′-[1,2,3]triazolo[5,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazin]-3′-carboxylate on Pinus sylvestris L. seed germination. The article describes the synthesis of ethyl 5′-(4-methoxybenzoyl)-5′,7′-dihydrospiro[cyclopentane-1,6′-[1,2,3]triazolo[5,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazin]-3′-carboxylate and the data from spectral and X-ray crystal analysis. The results of the experimental stimulation of Pinus sylvestris L. seed germination using spiro-1,2,3-triazolo[5,1-b]1,3,4-thiadiazine are given compared to the commercially available phytohormones thidiazuron and 6-benzylaminopurine. The estimation of germination, vitality, healthy seed ratio and cotyledon length indicated that the tested compound at a concentration of 0.5 mg L^-1 had an effect similar to 6-benzylaminopurine: indeed, the speed of germination and fungal invasion rate exceeded the effect of 6-benzylaminopurine.

Key words: