Tag Archives: municipal solid waste

961–974 S. Zhao, V. Altmann, L. Richterova and V. Vitkova
Comparison of physical composition of municipal solid waste in Czech municipalities and their potential in separation
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Comparison of physical composition of municipal solid waste in Czech municipalities and their potential in separation

S. Zhao¹*, V. Altmann¹, L. Richterova² and V. Vitkova¹

¹Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZU), Faculty of Engineering, Department of Machinery Utilization, Kamýcká 129, CZ165 00 Praha 6 – Suchdol, Czech Republic
²Institut Cirkulární Ekonomiky, z.ú., Hybernská 998/4, 110 00, Prague, Czech Republic
*Correspondence: zhao@tf.czu.cz

Abstract:

Czech Republic has been moving from landfill-based waste system toward resource-based waste management system with an increasing rate of recyclable waste in the last years (38.6% of recycling by material and 11.7% of energy recovery in 2018). However, landfill is still a popular way of mixed municipal solid waste (MMSW) disposal due to the low tax. In the Czech Republic, MMSW is collected from households by door-to-door system or recovery operations (Household Waste Recycling Centre) and only should consists of everyday items, which are further non-recyclable and non-reusable. However, a significant amount of recyclable waste can still be found in MMSW. Therefore, a good knowledge of the physical composition of MMSW is required to define strategy plans and improve waste management in municipalities. This work is aimed at comparing the physical composition of MMSW in the Czech Republic with small municipalities up to 2,999 inhabitants and big municipalities from 3,000 inhabitants to recognize the share of recyclable and non-recyclable waste in MSW and designate the potential of separation at source. Composition of MMSW was determined by a physical evaluation of waste collected from households in target municipalities which consists in a detailed manual sorting of waste into 13 specific groups according to their types, and weighting by a scale. We found that the real proportion of MMSW that could no longer be reused or recycled was much less than the amount disposed of in the municipal waste bins. A large part of MMSW consisted of organic waste together with food waste. This type of waste is especially useful when people turn it into compost to prevent the production of waste and it returns the nutrients back to the soil, closing the circle. The rate of recyclable waste was also high in many municipalities covered by our analyses, which indicated a lower rate of separation and reflected an insufficient sorting system in municipality and insufficient education of inhabitants. On the other hand, it points to the larger space of separation potential in households. In conclusion the evaluation emphasizes the improper proportion of MMSW in Czech municipalities. A lot of waste can be recycled but once it is thrown into black bins as MMSW, there is no chance that it will be reused/recycled. It therefore calls for measures to improve sorting at source, which will benefit municipal authorities in term of increasing recycle rates in order to comply with regulations and make a profit. We found the analysis of the physical composition of MMSW as a fundamental method for municipalities to verify the separation rate at the source, and it is recommended to conduct this analysis regularly and monitor developments.

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404–409 S.B. Ismuratov, T.V. Bedych, T.I. Gluchshenko, D.S. Ismuratov and V.S Kukhar,
Production of bioethanol from biomass in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan
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Production of bioethanol from biomass in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan

S.B. Ismuratov¹, T.V. Bedych¹, T.I. Gluchshenko², D.S. Ismuratov³ and V.S Kukhar⁴,*

¹M. Dulatov Kostanay Engineering and Economic University, Department of Energy
and Mechanical Engineering, 59 Chernyshevskogo Str., KZ110000, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
²A. Baitursynov Kostanay State University, Agricultural and Technical Institute,
Department of Energetics, Str., Baitursynova 47, KZ110000, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
³Almaty Management University, Doctoral PhD, Str., Rozybakieva 227, KZ050060 Almaty, Kazakhstan
⁴Ural State Agrarian University, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Street Karl
Liebknecht 42, RU620075, Yekaterinburg, Russia

Abstract:

This article describes using renewable energy for bioethanol production. Kostanay Region is a developed agricultural region. Most part of its area is under grain crops and corn, oil crops and vegetables. In the course of production, transportation, storage and processing of agricultural crops, a large part of them becomes unsuitable for use; in future they cannot be used for the intended purpose. Substandard product often stays in the fields to rot or is thrown away. Information considered in this article demonstrates that agricultural waste can be used to produce rather inexpensive bioethanol. Most part of the population in this region is rural. Settlements are far apart from each. It would be reasonable to use bioethanol as a source of electric and thermal energy to meet the needs of rural residents and infrastructure. Wastes from bioethanol production can be used for feeding animal stock what is also important for rural areas and reduces environmental burden. In the course of human life, solid waste is formed that is suitable for producing bioethanol, and consequently, for generating thermal and electric energy. Presented calculations show the feasibility of processing municipal solid waste into bioethanol. EU countries successfully use researches performed by their scientists for developing technologies for the production of bioethanol and synthetic fuels. Kazakhstan, with its experience in cultivation
of oilseeds and required planted area, can successfully develop bioethanol industry. No researches in this respect have been conducted to this day in Kazakhstan. Using bioethanol provides
consumers with their own energy sources that meet quality standards, thereby increasing energy security of region, reducing the amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere, and creating small-scale energy enterprises where rural residents can work.

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997-1009 O. Chotovinský and V. Altmann
A comparative case study of the efficiency of collection systems for paper and biodegradable municipal solid waste
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A comparative case study of the efficiency of collection systems for paper and biodegradable municipal solid waste

O. Chotovinský* and V. Altmann

Department of Machinery Utilisation, Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamycká 129, CZ165 21 Prague 6 – Suchdol, Czech Republic *Correspondence: chotovinsky@tf.czu.cz

Abstract:

The need to increase municipal solid waste recycling rates has led to the study and analysis of recycling schemes from the perspective of the technical issues that may be involved. This paper compares two waste collection systems, which are operating in the Vysočina region of the Czech Republic: a municipal solid waste collection system for paper (including cardboard) and a biodegradable municipal solid waste collection system. Both collection systems were introduced at different times to cover one selected urban area. The emphasis has been placed on an evaluation of the development of individual, separate collections between 2014 and 2016. Analysis of the technological operation and performance of the collections are observed and evaluated by measuring a range of waste collection system indicators. Efficiency levels, especially when it comes to separate collections of both types of municipal solid waste, are compared to their relative representation in the remaining bulk of municipal solid waste. The changes in representation of these types of waste against those in the rest of the municipal solid waste shows which collection systems are more successful from the perspective of the implementation of the directive which covers landfill usage. The results also describe why systems could be more successful within the view of well-chosen or inappropriately-selected technological parameters for materials separation. The possibly statistically significant impact of paper waste production in terms of the relative amount of paper waste across the rest of the municipal solid waste has also been shown.

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1559–1570 O. Chotovinský and V. Altmann
Performance analysis of biodegradable municipal solid waste collection in the Czech Republic
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Performance analysis of biodegradable municipal solid waste collection in the Czech Republic

O. Chotovinský* and V. Altmann

Department of Machinery Utilization, Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamycká 129, CZ165 21 Prague 6 – Suchdol, Czech Republic *Correspondence: chotovinsky@tf.czu.cz

Abstract:

The article deals with the issues of biodegradable municipal solid waste management system, focusing on its separate collection. The two basic locations are compared – rural area and urban area. The emphasis is put on evaluation of individual biodegradable municipal solid waste collections development from 2012 to 2015. Individual technological performances of collection are also observed and evaluated (e.g. biodegradable municipal solid waste production, development of container quantity and collection frequency). The observed data also verify the efficiency of biodegradable municipal solid waste management compared to relative representation of this waste in rest municipal solid waste, which is produced in both locations. Also referential locations without separate biodegradable municipal solid waste collection are observed for evaluation. There are one locality of an urban area and one rural area too. The decrease of biodegradable municipal solid waste in rest of municipal solid waste at the basic rural researched area indicates that the directive on landfills could be followed with well-chosen technological parameters of separate biodegradable municipal solid waste collection at a given site. A statistically significant impact of separate biodegradable municipal solid waste production on relative amount of the biodegradable part in rest municipal solid waste has been demonstrated at the side of this basic rural area.

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1169–1179 V. Malijonytė,, E. Dace, F. Romagnoli and M. Gedrovics
Methodology for determining the mixing ratio of selected solid recovered fuels
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Methodology for determining the mixing ratio of selected solid recovered fuels

V. Malijonytė¹,², E. Dace¹*, F. Romagnoli¹ and M. Gedrovics¹

¹Riga Technical University, Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Azenes 12/1, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
²Kaunas University of Technology, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Donelaičio g.20, LT-44239 Kaunas, Lithuania
*Correspondence: elina.dace@rtu.lv

Abstract:

Energy recovery is a preferable waste management method for waste that cannot be reused or recycled. For energy recovery, various types of waste with differing properties are being used, e.g. mixed municipal solid waste or end-of-life tires. To achieve a more stable and homogeneous characteristics of the waste derived fuels (RDF, SRF), they can be mixed in a number of ratios. The paper presents a methodology for determining the optimal mixing ratio of three selected waste derived fuels (mixed municipal solid waste, sewage sludge, end-of-life tires) considering environmental and economic aspects. The developed method is based on combining life cycle assessment method, mass balance calculations and multi-criteria analysis (the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution – TOPSIS). The results show that mixing the various waste derived fuels allows obtaining a more sustainable solution than in the case of each separate waste derived fuel.

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