Tag Archives: bioethanol

333-340 V. Hönig, M. Kotek and J. Mařík
Use of butanol as a fuel for internal combustion engines
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Use of butanol as a fuel for internal combustion engines

V. Hönig¹*, M. Kotek² and J. Mařík²

¹Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, CULS-Czech University of Life SciencesPrague,Kamycka129,16521,Prague 6,CzechRepublic;
*Correspondence: honig@af.czu.cz
²Faculty of Engineering, CULS-Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 16521, Prague 6, Czech Republic

Abstract:

Abstract: Currently, the focus of the research and development is devoted to the wider use of fuels of plant origin focused on the possibility of producing a higher quality and use of motor fuel other than bioethanol. BioButanol is thus not only a promising alternative fuel for gasoline, but also a possible replacement for bioethanol as a fuel for internal combustion engines for transportation. Butanol can be produced virtually with the same ingredients as bioethanol, but in terms of fuel property, it is a preferable alternative to bioethanol. The efficient technology for its production by direct fermentation of simple sugars by fermentation, enzymatic hydrolysis or modified polysaccharides is currently the subject of intensive research work. The paper presents fuel properties of butanol and simultaneously compared with the properties of gasoline and bioethanol. It also specifies the advantages and disadvantages of its use both in mixtures and in its pure form. The article also reviews the experimental analysis of emissions in the driving cycle fuel consumption of butanol. Mixtures of butanol – gasoline 5%, 30%, 50%, 85% and 100% were selected as a fuel without further additions as compared to the automotive gasoline and ethanolic E85. Switching to fuel based butanol in FFVs is not a technical problem, particularly based on the comparison with its demonstrable benefits over bioethanol. The development of renewable sources of carbohydrates from agricultural crops butanol can also help reduce imports of petroleum fuels in support of agriculture, availability of drinking water and an increase employment in the region.

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397-406 M. Raud, R. Kesperi, T. Oja, J. Olt and T. Kikas,
Utilization of urban waste in bioethanol production: potential and technical solutions
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Utilization of urban waste in bioethanol production: potential and technical solutions

M. Raud¹, R. Kesperi¹, T. Oja², J. Olt¹ and T. Kikas¹,*

¹Institute of Technology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56, EE51014 Tartu, Estonia; *Correspondence: timo.kikas@emu.ee 2Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, EE51014 Tartu, Estonia

Abstract:

In urban forestry and greening millions of tons of lignocellulosic waste is produced every year. Although lignocellulosic materials are considered one of the most promising feedstock for the bioethanol production, biomass from urban greening and forestry goes unused. Aim of this research was to investigate the potential of such waste biomass for bioethanol production. Woody and non-woody vegetation from different sources was investigated: old and fresh leaves, and mixed waste from urban greening which contained grass, twigs, and leaves. Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents in the samples were determined using fibre analysis. Dilute acid was used for pre-treatment at temperature of 130°C in order to compare yields from different methods. Thermochemical pre-treatment was followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. Produced glucose and ethanol contents were measured using electrochemical analyser. Waste from urban greening had the highest cellulose content of 22.96% and gave the best glucose and ethanol yields, 154.5 g kg-1 and 62.5 g kg-1, respectively when the sample was pre-treated with dilute H2SO4. In addition, map analysis was used to assess the area manageable by urban forestry and greening in the city of Tartu to estimate the potential of greening and forestry waste as a substrate for bioethanol production that could be used as a fuel in city’s public transportation system. In conclusion, it was shown that the waste from urban greening and forestry is a very promising raw material for biofuel production considering its localization and high cellulose content.

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417-424 M. Tutt, T. Kikas, H. Kahr, M. Pointner, P. Kuttner and J. Olt
Using steam explosion pretreatment method for bioethanol production from floodplain meadow hay
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Using steam explosion pretreatment method for bioethanol production from floodplain meadow hay

M. Tutt¹*, T. Kikas¹, H. Kahr², M. Pointner², P. Kuttner² and J. Olt¹

¹Institute of Technology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56, EE51014 Tartu, Estonia; *Correspondence: marti.tutt@emu.ee 2Upper Austria University of Applied Sciences, Wels Campus, Stelzhamerstraße 23, 4600 Wels, Austria

Abstract:

This article investigates influence of the steam explosion pretreatment method at different temperatures on sugar conversion rates and bioethanol production efficiencies from floodplain meadow hay. Floodplain meadow hay is used as a raw material, because these semi-natural grasslands need regular maintenance to preserve their high biodiversity. So far, this biomass has been largely unused, but it could provide a good feedstock for bioethanol production. In this work, steam explosion pretreatment is used in combination with enzymatic hydrolysis. Effects of steam explosion pretreatment on the fibre content and cell wall structure are also studied. Results from fibre analysis show, that the floodplain meadow hay has very high lignin content of 24.16%, but relatively low cellulose content of 27.19%. Highest cellulose to glucose conversion rate of 234.6 g kg-1 and ethanol yield of 115.7 g kg-1 of biomass were achieved with the steam explosion pretreatment at 200°C. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show that pretreatment at 150°C does very little damage to plant cells, while steam explosion at 200°C disintegrates most of the plant cell walls and exposes cellulose fibres.

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205-214 V. Pirs and M. Gailis
Research in use of fuel conversion adapters in automobiles running on bioethanol and gasoline mixtures
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Research in use of fuel conversion adapters in automobiles running on bioethanol and gasoline mixtures

V. Pirs* and M. Gailis

Motor Vehicle Institute, Faculty of Engineering, Latvia University of Agriculture,
⁵ Janis Caksteboulevard,LV-3001,Jelgava,Latvia;
*Correspondence: vilnis.pirs@llu

Abstract:

By using fuel conversion adapters, bioethanol and gasoline mixture (E85) can be used in automobiles which are designed to work with fossil fuel. Such adapters increase the amount of the injected fuel, by adjusting the opening time of injectors. Different fuel conversion adapters are available in various automobile markets, for instance, European and North American. The working principles and efficiency of usage of fuel conversion adapters are little researched and there is a lack of scientific studies in this area. The aim of this research is to explore the working properties, efficiency of usage and influence on automobile operational parameters of two different fuel conversion adapters. The authors found a significant difference in the design approach regarding availability of functions, working and regulation principles between different conversion adapters. The increase of the amount of the injected fuel is realised by prolonging of the original injector opening impulse or by generating an additional impulse. Both conversion adapters, subjected to tests, increased the amount of the injected fuel during cold start conditions. During full load conditions, full capacity of fuel injectors was reached and no further enrichment of air/fuel mixture was possible. The findings of the research can be useful for selection of a suitable fuel conversion adapter and providing guidance for designing of better adapters.

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208-215 V. Pirs, D. Berjoza, G. Birzietis, and I. Dukulis
Fuel Consumption Studies of Spark Ignition Engine Using Blends of Gasoline with Bioethanol
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Fuel Consumption Studies of Spark Ignition Engine Using Blends of Gasoline with Bioethanol

V. Pirs, D. Berjoza, G. Birzietis, and I. Dukulis

Motor Vehicle Institute, Faculty of Engineering, Latvia University of Agriculture,
5 J. Cakstes boulv., Jelgava, LV-3001, Latvia; e-mail: vilnis.pirs@llu.lv;
dainis.berjoza@llu.lv; gints.birzietis@llu.lv; ilmars.dukulis@llu.lv

Abstract:

The increased oxygen content in blends of gasoline with bioethanol causes the necessity for increasing fuel supply to the engine. Car oxygen sensor, reacting to the presence of oxygen in the exhaust gases, increases the amount of injected fuel. Consequently, the higher concentration of bioethanol in fuel blends usually also increases fuel consumption. This study explores how an increase in bioethanol concentration in fuel blends affects the standard car’s fuel consumption and determines which elements of the system limit the maximum possible concentration of bioethanol in the blend with gasoline.

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236-254 K. Ritslaid, A. Küüt and J. Olt
State of the Art in Bioethanol Production
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State of the Art in Bioethanol Production

K. Ritslaid¹, A. Küüt² and J. Olt²

¹ Estonian Aviation Academy,
58A Kreutzwaldi Str., EE51014 Tartu, Estonia;
² Institute of Technology, Estonian University of Life Sciences,
56 Kreutzwaldi Str., EE51014 Tartu;
e-mail, arne.kyyt@emu.ee

Abstract:

The objective of the present study is to provide an overview of available literature on problems and potential solutions in bioethanol production. The preparation of an overview of bioethanol as motor fuel requires knowledge of its chemical-physical properties and different production methods. The study points out the most popular opinions and test results to characterise the production of bioethanol. This overview considers potential methods for producing ethanol and production technologies suitable for ethanol as motor fuel, especially most recent achievements in converting carbohydrates into ethanol.

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573-582 I. Jansone, S. Malecka and V. Miglane
Suitability of winter triticale varieties for bioethanol production in Latvia
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Suitability of winter triticale varieties for bioethanol production in Latvia

I. Jansone, S. Malecka and V. Miglane

State Stende Cereals Breeding Institute, p/o Dizstende, Talsi district, LV–3258 Latvia;e-mail: stende.selekcija@apollo.lv

Abstract:

The research was carried out at the State Stende Cereals Breeding Institute in experimental years 2007/08 and 2008/09. The subject of the research was the suitability of seven winter triticale varieties and lines for bioethanol production. Two supplementary fertilization rates of nitrogen were used (N 100 kg ha-1 and N 140 kg ha-1). The correlations of characteristics of different varieties were evaluated. During the research the analysis of grain quality (starch and crude protein content) was carried out. The theoretical bioethanol outcome (L t-1) and yield (L ha-1) were calculated by using the indicators of starch content. The results of the research show that the winter triticale variety ‘Dinaro’ and line 9402-3 with the highest theoretically calculated bioethanol outcome (489.4 L t-1 and 486.5 L t-1) and the highest starch content of the grains (681.19 g kg-1and 677.13 g kg-1) were the most suitable for the bioethanol production in Latvian conditions. No substantial effect of the fertilization methods on the starch content in grains and on the theoretically calculated ethanol outcome was observed.

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221-227 J. L. Kolchinskij
Problems of development of bio-energetics in the Russian Federation
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Problems of development of bio-energetics in the Russian Federation

J. L. Kolchinskij

Russian Consulting Centre of Agriculture, 141300, Moscow Region,Sergijevo-Posadskij district, Glinkovo 77; e-mail: Kolinfo@mail.ru

Abstract:

The current power balance in the world is formed mainly on the basis of three non- renewable hydrocarbonic energy sources – natural gas, oil and coal. Limitation of mineral stocks of fuel and the necessity of the maintenance of ecological safety has caused intensive growth in use of renewable energy and, in particular, bio-energy.The available resource potential of biomass in Russia is practically inexhaustible: itincludes significant reserves of bio-energy – in agriculture, arable land – 9% of world; in forestry – up to 25% of world’s timber reserves.Biofuel production is possible from the following raw materials: diesel biofuel, producedfrom oil of sunflower and oilseed rape; bioethanol, from sugar beet, corn, wood; biogas, from waste materials of animal production, food and wood processing.The project of offering proposals for state regulation of the development of bio-energeticshas been prepared, including two blocks: normative legislative documents regulating the development and maintenance of bioenergy; support of innovative financial activity – investment and taxation.Realization of the planned complex measures on acceleration of rates of bioenergeticsdevelopment in the Russian Federation will allow solving the following problems: to increase by 1.3–1.5 times the provision of animal production in fodder protein; lowering dependence of the agricultural sector on a stable rise in prices for traditional power resources; to provide a steady power supply for the agricultural population and agricultural production in the zones with decentralized electric supply.

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