Tag Archives: biofuel

1232–1241 K. Sirviö, S. Niemi, S. Heikkilä and E. Hiltunen
Effects of sulphur on the storage stability of the bio and fossil fuel blends
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Effects of sulphur on the storage stability of the bio and fossil fuel blends

K. Sirviö*, S. Niemi, S. Heikkilä and E. Hiltunen

University of Vaasa, Faculty of Technology, PL 700, FIN-65101 Vaasa, Finland
*Correspondence: katriina.sirvio@uva.fi

Abstract:

In this study, the aim was to find out if mixing two common fuels together could be beneficial for both the environment and storage stability of fuel. It is obvious, that adding biodiesel to fossil fuel will decrease its sulphur content and reduce its carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon, sulphur dioxide and soot emissions. But will the high sulphur content enhance the storage stability of the biodiesel? Four B20 samples were produced, consisting of 20 vol% biodiesel and 80 vol% fossil diesel. The samples were prepared from rapeseed methyl ester (RME), low sulphuric fossil diesel fuel and high sulphuric diesel solvent. The blends had different sulphur contents of 6, 76, 149 and 226 mg kg-1. For these B20 fuel samples, the parameters were compared that correlate with the storage stability of the fuel blends. The studied parameters were the oxidation stability (OSI, according to EN 15751:2015), acid number (AN, according to EN 14104:2003) and kinematic viscosity (KV, by Stabinger SVM 3000 rotational viscometer). The measurements were carried out straight after mixing the blends, and again after 4, 8 and 12 weeks. According to the results, the fuel containing less sulphur slightly lost its oxidation stability within three months. Instead, the oxidation stability of high sulphuric samples improved within the same time frame. As a conclusion, the study gave a reason to assume that – in spite of its known drawbacks – the sulphur may be favourable to fuel blends’ storage stability but the phenomenon and chemistry should be studied in more detail.

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579–589 A. Zimelis, G. Spalva, G. Saule, M. Daugaviete, and A. Lazdinš
Productivity and cost of biofuel in ditch cleaning operations using tracked excavator based harvester
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Productivity and cost of biofuel in ditch cleaning operations using tracked excavator based harvester

A. Zimelis¹, G. Spalva¹, G. Saule¹, M. Daugaviete¹,² and A. Lazdinš¹*

¹Latvian State forest Research Institute 'Silava', RPgas street 111, LV-2169 Salaspils,
Latvia
²Forest Sector Competence Center, DzRrbenes street 27, LV-1006 RPga, Latvia
*Correspondence: andis.lazdins@silava.lv

Abstract:

Forest ditches is one of the poorly utilized sources of biomass for energy production and timber industry. Increase of productivity and reduction of cost of extraction of biomass from the ditches, retaining at the same time high quality standards, are the key issues of mechanization of harvesting operations in this area. The scope of the study was to evaluate productivity and cost of biomass delivered from forest ditches, when tracked excavator based harvester and different work methods are used. New Holland 215B excavator with Ponsse H7 felling head was used in trials. The machine was operated by experienced operators. The study was implemented in drainage systems managed by Joint stock company „Latvia state forests”. Total extracted area 12 ha, extracted biomass – 734 m3. Duration of the study including harvesting and forwarding – 4 months. Average cost of roundwood production including road transport to 50 km distance in the trials was 27 EUR m-3, average cost of biofuel – 11 EUR m-3 (4.5 EUR LV m-3). The study approved advantages of excavators in ditch cleaning operations; however, several improvements are possible. The machine should be equipped with smaller accumulating felling head, delimbing and bucking should be done in parallel to a ditch direction, number of assortments should be reduced, as well as extraction of trees with diameter below 6 cm should be avoided.

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327–336 A. Brunerová, J. Pecen, M. Brožek and T. Ivanova
Mechanical durability of briquettes from digestate in different storage conditions
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Mechanical durability of briquettes from digestate in different storage conditions

A. Brunerová¹*, J. Pecen², M. Brožek¹ and T. Ivanova²

¹Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Engineering, Department of
Material Science and Manufacturing Technology, Kamýcká 129, CZ 165 00 Prague,
Czech Republic
²Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences,
Department of Sustainable Technologies, Kamýcká 129, CZ 165 00 Prague,
Czech Republic
*Correspondence: brunerova@tf.czu.cz

Abstract:

A present research was conducted to determine mechanical durability of digestate briquettes and potential influence of different storage condition. Experiments were performed on briquette samples produced from digestate feedstock with moisture content of 8.2%, ash content of 10.9% and gross calorific value of 17.15 MJ kg-1 by hydraulic piston press with working pressure of 18 MPa with external diameter 50 mm and length 40–60 mm. Briquette samples were divided into two groups and stored inside and outside building. Both groups were subjected to five experimental testing during specific time period from May until late November 2014. Mechanical durability of each briquette was measured after every testing, subsequently overall mechanical durability of specific groups was calculated. Results showed the lowest mechanical durability after first measurement: 98.85% for Group 1 and 98.95% for Group 2. The biggest change in mechanical durability was observed between first and second testing, values of following measurements were approximately equal. The highest mechanical durability was achieved after fifth testing: 99.65% for Group 1 and 99.63% for Group 2. It implied mechanical durability equal to 99.44% for Group 1 and 99.45% for Group 2 in average. Research proved very high mechanical durability which corresponds to the highest category of this quality indicator given by standard EN ISO 17225-1. Difference between mechanical durability of groups stored in different conditions was considered as minor. Thereby briquettes made from digestate are not only secondary product of proper waste management, effectively modified fertilizer but as was found by results of this research it is also suitable fuel with outstanding mechanical properties.

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297–302 K. Veselá, M. Pexa and J. Pavlů
The water content in the engine oil by using E85
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The water content in the engine oil by using E85

K. Veselá*, M. Pexa and J. Pavlů

Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Engineering, Department for
Quality and Dependability of Machines, Kamycka 129, CZ 16521, Prague 6,
Czech Republic
*Correspondence: katerina86@email.cz

Abstract:

The European Union adopted a decision to achieve by 2020 at least 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. To fulfill this task, the EU proposed in 2020 binding targets – further improve energy efficiency by 20%, achieving a 20% share of renewable energy and a 10% share of biofuels in the fuel market. One of the most widely used biofuel in the automotive industry is bioethanol. Bioethanol can be used on low-percentage blending into petrol, which is governed by European Directive 2003/30/EC, and on high-blend bioethanol mixture, particularly E85 consists of 85% bioethanol and 15% petrol BA95. But in recent years, increasingly demonstrating opinions, that biofuels do not produce nearly as much effect as was propagated. This paper deals with the concentration of water in the engine oil with using biofuel E85. The water in the engineoil significantly affects its parameters (especially viscosity). How measurement results demonstrated the use of bioethanol in the fuel increases the concentration of water in the engine oil.

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405-412 M. Raud, M. Tutt, J. Olt and T. Kikas
Effect of lignin content of lignocellulosic material on hydrolysis efficiency
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Effect of lignin content of lignocellulosic material on hydrolysis efficiency

M. Raud, M. Tutt, J. Olt and T. Kikas*

Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Technology, Kreutzwaldi 56, EE51014 Tartu, Estonia; *Correspondence: timo.kikas@emu.ee

Abstract:

Lignocellulosic material is the most promising feedstock for bioethanol production; however, due to the varying physicochemical characteristics of different biomasses, it is necessary to select a biomass with a composition suitable for bioethanol production. For this purpose several different alternative non-food energy crops were chosen to investigate their suitability for bioethanol production, considering their cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content. The traditional three-step bioethanol production process was used, where dilute acid was applied for biomass pre-treatment. Glucose and ethanol concentrations were measured during the process. Glucose and ethanol yields and hydrolysis efficiency were used to evaluate the suitability of different energy crops for bioethanol production. The results show that, with most biomass types, the glucose yield increases as the cellulose content in the biomass rises. However, a sharp decrease in hydrolysis efficiency was noted in the lignin content range of 7 to 9 g 100 g-1. The lower hydrolysis efficiency also resulted in a lower ethanol yield in the next step of the bioethanol production process for these samples.

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1227-1233 V. Hönig, L. Smrčka, R. Ilves and A. Küüt
Adding biobutanol to diesel fuel and impact on fuel blend parametres
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Adding biobutanol to diesel fuel and impact on fuel blend parametres

V. Hönig¹*, L. Smrčka², R. Ilves³ and A. Küüt³

¹Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Chemistry, Kamýcka 129, 16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic
²University of Economics, Faculty of Business Administration, Department of Strategy, W. Churchill Sq., 13067 Prague 3, Czech Republic
³Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Technology, Kreutzwaldi 56, EE51014 Tartu, Estonia
*Correspondence: honig@af.czu.cz

Abstract:

One of the main arguments for the use of biofuels is environmental reason. Biofuels release significantly lower quantities of greenhouse gases (GHG) during the combustion opposed to conventional fossil fuels. Fatty acid methyl esters are commercially blended with diesel and bioethanol with gasoline. Biobutanol and bioethanol are using the same sources. Biobutanol can be used as a biofuel in internal combustion engines in the same manner as bioethanol. Application of biobutanol in diesel is rather marginal, but is definitely preferable in diesel engines in comparison with bioethanol. There are plenty of options to use biobutanol in diesel engines. The simplest are blends with diesel. Number of parameters can used to compare biobutanol with standard diesel. Fuel parameters are changing with the amount of butanol added. Maximum amount of butanol in diesel in order to prevent negative effects was assessed.

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397-406 M. Raud, R. Kesperi, T. Oja, J. Olt and T. Kikas,
Utilization of urban waste in bioethanol production: potential and technical solutions
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Utilization of urban waste in bioethanol production: potential and technical solutions

M. Raud¹, R. Kesperi¹, T. Oja², J. Olt¹ and T. Kikas¹,*

¹Institute of Technology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56, EE51014 Tartu, Estonia; *Correspondence: timo.kikas@emu.ee 2Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, EE51014 Tartu, Estonia

Abstract:

In urban forestry and greening millions of tons of lignocellulosic waste is produced every year. Although lignocellulosic materials are considered one of the most promising feedstock for the bioethanol production, biomass from urban greening and forestry goes unused. Aim of this research was to investigate the potential of such waste biomass for bioethanol production. Woody and non-woody vegetation from different sources was investigated: old and fresh leaves, and mixed waste from urban greening which contained grass, twigs, and leaves. Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents in the samples were determined using fibre analysis. Dilute acid was used for pre-treatment at temperature of 130°C in order to compare yields from different methods. Thermochemical pre-treatment was followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. Produced glucose and ethanol contents were measured using electrochemical analyser. Waste from urban greening had the highest cellulose content of 22.96% and gave the best glucose and ethanol yields, 154.5 g kg-1 and 62.5 g kg-1, respectively when the sample was pre-treated with dilute H2SO4. In addition, map analysis was used to assess the area manageable by urban forestry and greening in the city of Tartu to estimate the potential of greening and forestry waste as a substrate for bioethanol production that could be used as a fuel in city’s public transportation system. In conclusion, it was shown that the waste from urban greening and forestry is a very promising raw material for biofuel production considering its localization and high cellulose content.

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425-430 K. Veselá, M. Pexa and J. Mařík
The effect of biofuels on the quality and purity of engine oil
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The effect of biofuels on the quality and purity of engine oil

K. Veselá*, M. Pexa and J. Mařík

Faculty of Engineering, CULS-Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 16521, Prague 6, Czech Republic; *Correspondence: kvesela@tf.czu.cz

Abstract:

The European Union aims to promote the use of biofuels and thus set a commitment to the expansion of biofuels in transport. Biofuels replace fossil fuels mainly in part, the creation of biodiesel. For gasoline engines, the most widely used biofuel is E85, a fuel containing 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. The more bio-components are contained in a fuel, the more oil filling the combustion engine suffers. Therefore, in this paper, a comparison of the properties of oil filling when using fossil fuels (currently contains a small amount of the fuel ethanol) and the E85 biofuel is provided. The cars Saab 95 and 93 are monitored, namely the motors B235 R, B207 L, and B205 L. For each car, the total of 10 samples of engine oil were taken. One part of the samples was collected during operation of the internal combustion engine on the biofuel E85 and the second during operation of the internal combustion engine on the fossil fuel BA95. Both vehicles used the same engine oil, Mobil 1 0W-40, for lubrication of the internal combustion engine. The analyses of the engine oil are focused on the evaluation of the kinematic viscosity and density at 40 and 100°C.

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236-254 K. Ritslaid, A. Küüt and J. Olt
State of the Art in Bioethanol Production
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State of the Art in Bioethanol Production

K. Ritslaid¹, A. Küüt² and J. Olt²

¹ Estonian Aviation Academy,
58A Kreutzwaldi Str., EE51014 Tartu, Estonia;
² Institute of Technology, Estonian University of Life Sciences,
56 Kreutzwaldi Str., EE51014 Tartu;
e-mail, arne.kyyt@emu.ee

Abstract:

The objective of the present study is to provide an overview of available literature on problems and potential solutions in bioethanol production. The preparation of an overview of bioethanol as motor fuel requires knowledge of its chemical-physical properties and different production methods. The study points out the most popular opinions and test results to characterise the production of bioethanol. This overview considers potential methods for producing ethanol and production technologies suitable for ethanol as motor fuel, especially most recent achievements in converting carbohydrates into ethanol.

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221-227 J. L. Kolchinskij
Problems of development of bio-energetics in the Russian Federation
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Problems of development of bio-energetics in the Russian Federation

J. L. Kolchinskij

Russian Consulting Centre of Agriculture, 141300, Moscow Region,Sergijevo-Posadskij district, Glinkovo 77; e-mail: Kolinfo@mail.ru

Abstract:

The current power balance in the world is formed mainly on the basis of three non- renewable hydrocarbonic energy sources – natural gas, oil and coal. Limitation of mineral stocks of fuel and the necessity of the maintenance of ecological safety has caused intensive growth in use of renewable energy and, in particular, bio-energy.The available resource potential of biomass in Russia is practically inexhaustible: itincludes significant reserves of bio-energy – in agriculture, arable land – 9% of world; in forestry – up to 25% of world’s timber reserves.Biofuel production is possible from the following raw materials: diesel biofuel, producedfrom oil of sunflower and oilseed rape; bioethanol, from sugar beet, corn, wood; biogas, from waste materials of animal production, food and wood processing.The project of offering proposals for state regulation of the development of bio-energeticshas been prepared, including two blocks: normative legislative documents regulating the development and maintenance of bioenergy; support of innovative financial activity – investment and taxation.Realization of the planned complex measures on acceleration of rates of bioenergeticsdevelopment in the Russian Federation will allow solving the following problems: to increase by 1.3–1.5 times the provision of animal production in fodder protein; lowering dependence of the agricultural sector on a stable rise in prices for traditional power resources; to provide a steady power supply for the agricultural population and agricultural production in the zones with decentralized electric supply.

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