Tag Archives: biofuels

541-549 J. Čedík,, M. Pexa, J. Mařík, V. Hönig, Š. Horníčková and K. Kubín
Influence of butanol and FAME blends on operational characteristics of compression ignition engine
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Influence of butanol and FAME blends on operational characteristics of compression ignition engine

J. Čedík¹,*, M. Pexa¹, J. Mařík¹, V. Hönig², Š. Horníčková² and K. Kubín³

¹Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Engineering, Department for Quality and Dependability of Machines, Kamýcká 129, CZ16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic; *Correspondence cedikj@tf.czu.cz
²Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Chemistry, Kamýcká 129, CZ16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic
³Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering, p.r.i., Drnovská 507, CZ16101 Prague 6, Czech Republic

Abstract:

The issue of the use of alternative fuels in diesel engines is discussed in this paper. The purpose is to reduce the dependence of EU Member States on fuels of petroleum origin. One of the possibilities is the use of butanol produced from organic products. The use of pure butanol in diesel engines is not possible. However, it may be used as an additive for fuels of petroleum origin or adding to oil for improving the operating conditions of the engine. Successively 10, 30 and 50% n-butanol was used as an additive. Turbocharged combustion engine of the tractor Zetor 8641 Foretrra was used to the test. This engine was burdened using a dynamometer to the PTO. Performance parameters and fuel consumption of the engine were monitored during measurements. Performance parameters of the engine decreases and fuel consumption increases due to the properties of butanol. Cleansing properties of butanol which restrict carbonization on functional surfaces of the engine seems advantageous.

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604-612 M. Müller, V. Šleger, M. Pexa, J. Mařík and Č. Mizera
Evaluation of stability of elastomer packing exposed to influence of various biofuels
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Evaluation of stability of elastomer packing exposed to influence of various biofuels

M. Müller¹, V. Šleger², M. Pexa³⋅*, J. Mařík³ and Č. Mizera²

¹Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Material Science and Manufacturing Technology, Kamýcká 129, CZ16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic
²Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kamýcká 129, CZ16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic
³Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Engineering, Department for Quality and Dependability of Machines, Kamýcká 129, CZ16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic; *Correspondence: pexa@tf.czu.cz

Abstract:

The aim of the European Union Member States is to reduce dependence on fuels derived from oil. For this reason, significant attention is paid to the use of organic products as a substitute or an additive in the fuel of petroleum origin. The usage of biofuels in conventional combustion engines is not easy due to the different properties of the products. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of biofuels on mechanical properties of O-rings type ACM (polyacrylate elastomer). The research was evaluated by the change of density, Shore A hardness, permanent deformation CS, tensile strength and deformation after exposure in the test environment for a period of 15 months. Comparing the O-rings immersed in standard diesel fuel it is clear that similar behaviour of the hardness shows are sunflower oil and canola oil. RME – Rapeseed Methyl Ester 20% and oil from Jatropha has a negative effect on the increase in hardness. Comparing the O-rings immersed in standard diesel fuel it is evident that except RME – Rapeseed Methyl Ester 20% other fuels have negative influence on permanent deformation CS.

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359-366 J. Mařík, M. Pexa,, M. Kotek and V. Hönig
Comparison of the effect of gasoline – ethanol E85 – butanol on the performance and emission characteristics of the engine Saab 9-5 2.3 l turbo
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Comparison of the effect of gasoline – ethanol E85 – butanol on the performance and emission characteristics of the engine Saab 9-5 2.3 l turbo

J. Mařík¹, M. Pexa¹,*, M. Kotek¹ and V. Hönig²

¹Faculty of Engineering, CULS-Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic; *Correspondence: pexa@tf.czu.cz 2Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, CULS-Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic

Abstract:

Due to the increasing environmental demands of the European Union for reducing emissions, it is necessary to utilize biofuels at the expense of the conventional fossil fuel BA95. Biofuels in spark-ignition engines usually use ethanol at a ratio of up to 85% to 15% of the conventional fuel BA95. Such a fuel is known as E85. Butanol also has very similar properties to ethanol. Ethanol is a higher alcohol. For comparison, ethanol and butanol fuels with conventional fuels were chosen for the vehicle Saab 9-5, turbo-charged 2.3l. This vehicle is completely adapted to operation on ethanol fuel (broad adaptation control unit, suitable sealing elements, fuel pump, etc.). The engine performance and emissions were monitored when operating on these fuels as compared to the conventional fuels BA95. It can be stated that the engine reached higher performance parameters when operating on ethanol and butanol fuels. This is due to the fact that the control unit increases the fuel supply during operation on biofuels (lower calorific value of fuel). There is no lean combustion and the possible damage to the engine during long-term operation. From the perspective of bootable showing, butanol fuel has worse parameters compared to ethanol fuel and conventional fuels.

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391-396 M. Pointner, P. Kuttner, T. Obrlik, A. Jäger and H. Kahr
Composition of corncobs as a substrate for fermentation of biofuels
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Composition of corncobs as a substrate for fermentation of biofuels

M. Pointner*, P. Kuttner, T. Obrlik, A. Jäger and H. Kahr

University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Wels Campus, Stelzhamerstr. 23, 4600 Wels, Austria; *Correspondence: manuel.pointner@fh-wels.at

Abstract:

Lignocellulosic residues as for instance corncobs can be used as substrates for the production of biofuels. The corncobs are usually pre-treated in a thermal-physical step (steam explosion) before enzymatic hydrolysis. The pre-treatment process increases the accessibility of the raw material for the hydrolysis. The products of the hydrolyses are used as substrates for the fermentation of bio-ethanol. As an alternative, the hydrolysates could be used for the fermentation of oleaginous yeasts. These yeasts produce and accumulate lipids from glucose during growth. For the energetic use in the form of bio-diesel, the lipids can be converted into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in the same way as vegetable oils. The fibre composition of the raw material was determined in regard to the proportions of cellulose, hemicellulose und lignin. It was investigated whether different corn varieties show varying compositions. The fibre compositions before the pre-treatment of ten different varieties of corncobs (from locations in Upper Austria) were determined. No significant differences were observed (cellulose: 38.8% ± 2.5%, hemicellulose: 44.4% ± 5.2%, lignin: 11.9% ± 2.3% in the dry matter).

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197-204 M. Pexa, J. Mařík, K. Kubín and K. Veselá
Impact of biofuels on characteristics of the engine tractor Zetor 8641 Forterra
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Impact of biofuels on characteristics of the engine tractor Zetor 8641 Forterra

M. Pexa¹*, J. Mařík¹, K. Kubín² and K. Veselá¹

¹CULS-Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Engineering, Kamycka 129, 16521, Prague 6, Czech Republic; *Correspondence: pexa@tf.czu.cz
²VUZT-Research institute of Agricultural Engineering p.r.i.; Czech Republic

Abstract:

The European Union currently pays great attention to the possibilities for the use of biofuels  to  power  mobile  machinery.  The  main  reasons  for  the  promotion  of  biofuels  is  the effort of Member States to reduce dependence on oil imports, efforts to reduce emissions from internal  combustion  engines  and  also  efforts  to  support  agriculture.  As  the  best  substitute  for diesel, promoting fatty acid methyl ester, namely in the Czech conditions rapeseed methyl ester (RME). Requirements for diesel fuel are the norm ČSN EN 590 and prescribes requirements for RME standard ČSN EN 14214. At present, based on the requirements of EU directives there is a  mandatory  addition  of  methyl  ester  in  diesel  of  a  maximum  volume  fraction  of  7%.  This blended fuel complies with ČSN EN 590 and can be used without any modification to existing diesel engines. Production of methyl ester of fatty acids is energy intensive and therefore offer, with the allowance made for the structural adjustment of the combustion engine, the possibility to use a mixture of diesel fuel and oil directly. In this paper they are compared on the basis of the  complete  characteristics  of  the  engine  performance  parameters  (torque  and  engine  power) and  minimum  specific  fuel  consumption.  Based  on  standardised  test  NRSC  (non-road  steady cycle)  are  also  compared  smoke  and  fuel  consumption  of  the  internal  combustion  engine  of  a Zetor 8641 Forterra tractor (tractor has worked less than 100 hours). As the fuel is a mixture of different ratios of selected diesel with rapeseed oil, jatropha curcas oil and rapeseed oil methyl ester.

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33-38 V. Dubrovin and M. Melnychuk
Cleaner Production of Biomass and Biofuels
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Cleaner Production of Biomass and Biofuels

V. Dubrovin and M. Melnychuk

National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine
15 Geroiv Oborony Str., 03041 Kiev, Ukraine
e-mail: dubrovin@nauu.kiev.ua; maksym@nauu.kiev.ua

Abstract:

Ukrainian agriculture is an industry which produces a huge quantity of biomass. The main part of the biomass potential is made up by straw. By moderate estimations only 20% of the total amount of straw can be used for energy production. All plant growing and biomass processing technologies can be based on cleaner production methodology. Only a few ecological options in corn growing technology gave real profit, which was ca 220 UAH per hectare. The main steps for rearing Trichogramma insects are technical services in laboratory conditions and soft implementation of them on agricultural plants by special aircraft. The most important result of the research is an overview of the possibilities of Ukraine to cover up to 12% of the total primary biomass energy demand for cleaner biofuel production.

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39-46 I. Dukulis, G. Birzietis, V. Pirs, A. Birkavs and Z. Jesko
Exhaust Emissions from Vehicles Operating on Rapeseed Oil Fuel
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Exhaust Emissions from Vehicles Operating on Rapeseed Oil Fuel

I. Dukulis, G. Birzietis, V. Pirs, A. Birkavs and Z. Jesko

Motor Vehicle Institute, Faculty of Engineering, Latvia University of Agriculture,
5 J. Cakstes boulv., Jelgava, LV-3001, Latvia; e-mail: ilmars.dukulis@llu.lv;
gints.birzietis@llu.lv; vilnis.pirs@llu.lv; aivars.birkavs@llu.lv; zanis.jesko@llu.lv

Abstract:

One of the primary incentives for expanding the production and use of biofuels worldwide is the potential environmental benefit that can be obtained from replacing petroleum fuels with fuels derived from renewable biomass resources. The use of straight vegetable oil (SVO) in diesel engines is one of the available alternatives, but its use in existing vehicles usually requires modification of engine or fuel system components. In order to find out the trends in changes of different exhaust emission components using fossil diesel and pure rapeseed oil fuel, the car VW GOLF and the truck MAN 19,464 were modified using one-tank and two-tank conversion kits respectively. To ensure stable driving characteristics, a Mustang Chassis Dynamometer MD-1750 was used and for the determination of the content of different exhaust gas components, the AVL SESAM multicomponent exhaust gas measurement system was used. The analyses of obtained results show that the content of NOx and SO2 using rapeseed oil fuel in comparison with fossil diesel decreased with both one-tank and two-tank systems. The content of CO and mechanical particles was higher using rapeseed fuel, but the content of unburned hydrocarbons differs depending on the used engine modification system. Since in the one-tank system original engine nozzles were replaced, the pilot studies of the influence of ignition timing on vehicle power characteristics and exhaust emissions were carried out. It was found out that changing the ignition timing from 10.5 to 18.5 degrees decreases the content of CO, mechanical particles and unburned hydrocarbons by up to 70% without losses in power and torque.

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