Tag Archives: carrot

494-503 L. Lepse and S. Zeipiņa
Increasing the sustainability of vegetable crops production by using intercropping
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Increasing the sustainability of vegetable crops production by using intercropping

L. Lepse* and S. Zeipiņa

Institute of Horticulture, Graudu iela 1, Ceriņi, Krimūnu pag., Dobeles nov., LV–3701, Latvia
*Correspondence: liga.lepse@llu.lv

Abstract:

Some scientific reports support the idea of using plant interactions to promote the growth and yielding of vegetable crops. The plant interactions in vegetable production under intercropping conditions were investigated in ERDF funded project ‘Elaboration of environment-friendly crop growing technologies identified by the Green Deal and their implementation in horticultural production in Latvia (GreenHort)’ implemented in Latvia Institute of Horticulture with the aim to introduce strip cropping in the vegetable production. The investigations were carried out at the Institute of Horticulture, Latvia (57°03’44.6’’N, 22°54’53.2’’E), during the growing seasons of 2021 and 2022. The vegetable crops (carrots, cabbage, onions, and pumpkins) were grown in intercropping with agroecological service plants or aromatic plants as companion plants (white clover, marigolds, tagetes, lavender, sage, coriander). The investigated variants were compared with the control, where vegetable crops were grown in monoculture as usual. Each intercrop variant consists of 7 alternating rows (each 0.6 m wide) – 4 rows of service crop and 3 rows of vegetable. There was observed significant influence of the growing system on the plants productivity. The sharpest differences between variants were observed for cabbage – marigold, sage and lavender had a positive influence on the cabbage yield formation, but white clover had an extremely negative influence on the cabbage plant growth. White clover had a negative influence also on carrot and pumpkin productivity. Sage had a yield-promoting influence on the carrot crop. There was not found any significant influence of the agroecologial crops on onion productivity.

Key words:

cabbage, carrot, onion, strip cropping

2271-2284 O. Zavadska, І. Bobos, I. Fedosiy, G. Podpryatov and J. Olt
Studying the storage and processing quality of the carrot taproots (Daucus carota) of various hybrids
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Studying the storage and processing quality of the carrot taproots (Daucus carota) of various hybrids

O. Zavadska¹, І. Bobos¹, I. Fedosiy¹, G. Podpryatov¹ and J. Olt²*

¹National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 15 Heroyiv Oborony Str., UA 03041 Kyiv,Ukraine
²Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Technology, 56 F.R. Kreutzwaldi Str., 51006 Tartu, Estonia
*Correspondence: jyri.olt@emu.ee

Abstract:

This paper presents the results acquired from the study of eight carrot hybrids which are suitable for growing in the climatic zone of woodland steppes, while considering a set of economical and/or biological, biochemical, and organoleptic properties. The carrot hybrids that were studied have a wide range of variation in their economic value indicators, which makes it possible to grow them for storage and processing in various soils and climate conditions without irrigation. The most productive carrot hybrids are White Sabine F₁ and Yellowstone F₁ with a commercial yield of 55.8–58.7 t hа^–1 and an average taproot weight of 118.7–136.2 g. The levels of preservation of the taproot of the hybrids White Sabine F₁ and Purple Haze F₁ after seven months of storage in conditions that involved the use of a stationary pit storage facility was at 81.4% and 80.2% respectively. The use of the taproots of the hybrids Yellowstone F₁ and Viking F₁ for drying ensures a yield of a high-quality, biologically-valuable finished product with a yield of 11.4–11.7%. Dry hybrid Evolyutsiya F₁ and Mars F₁ carrots contain more than 40 mg (100 g)^–1 of β-carotene.

Key words:

carrot, drying, processing, quality, storage, yield

466–480 M. Keskin, Y. Soysal, Y.E. Sekerli, A. Arslan and N. Celiktas
Assessment of applied microwave power of intermittent microwave-dried carrot powders from Colour and NIRS
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Assessment of applied microwave power of intermittent microwave-dried carrot powders from Colour and NIRS

M. Keskin¹*, Y. Soysal¹, Y.E. Sekerli¹, A. Arslan¹ and N. Celiktas²

¹Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, TR31040 Antakya, Hatay, Turkey
²Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, TR31040 Antakya, Hatay, Turkey
*Correspondence: keskin@mku.edu.tr, mkeskinhatay@gmail.com

Abstract:

Applied microwave (MW) power level is an essential factor on the quality of the dried agricultural products. Even if higher MW powers result in shorter drying times, they lead to quality degradations. It is almost impossible to know the applied MW power of a dried and powdered product by human vision. Thus, the aim of this study was to predict the applied MW power of carrot powders by using two different instruments, a chromameter and FT-NIRS. The experiments were carried out at nine different power levels (100–500 W) with three replications (N = 27). The colour and NIR reflectance was measured using a chromameter and NIRS system. The data was analysed using PLS regression. The drying time of intermittent MW drying at the highest applied power of 500 W was 1.12–5.47 times shorter than those of other lower applied powers. Applied MW power was a crucial factor on all colour parameters of the powdered carrots. Brightness (L*) decreased significantly with the increase of applied MW power resulting in darker product colours. Data analysis results showed that the NIRS system (R² = 0.99; SEP = 16.1 W) can predict the microwave power of powdered carrots with significantly better performance than a chromameter (R² = 0.95; SEP = 29.9 W). But, the chromamater is far more inexpensive when compared with the NIRS system and hence, it can also be used to predict the applied MW power from the colour data relatively well. Also, a mathematical model was developed to predict applied MW power from the colour parameters.

Key words:

applied power, carrot, chromameter, FT-NIRS, Microwave drying, reflectance

1301-1311 A. Aboltins, T. Rubina and J. Palabinskis
Shrinkage effect on diffusion coefficient during carrot drying
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Shrinkage effect on diffusion coefficient during carrot drying

A. Aboltins¹, T. Rubina²* and J. Palabinskis¹

¹Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Machinery, J.Cakstes Blv 5, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia
²Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Information Technologies, Department of Computer Systems, Liela 2, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia
*Correspondence: tatjana.rubina@llu.lv

Abstract:

Many studies have been previously carried out on the carrot drying and the undergoing processes. The developed mathematical models provide an opportunity to gain an understanding of this complex process and its dynamics. But they are simplified and based on a number of assumptions, including calculation of diffusion coefficient values. In one of the previous studies, the authors of this study determined that the diffusion coefficient is linearly dependent on the moisture concentration with the assumption that the sample’s geometric shape does not change. The aim of this study is to determine the dependence of the diffusion coefficient on the moisture concentration taking into account the change in sample thickness during the drying experiment. The experiments were carried out with carrot slices of three different thicknesses: 5 mm, 10 mm and 15 mm thickness on the film infrared dryer at temperature 40 °C. During the experiments, measurements of the weight and thickness of the slices were performed. Using the experimental data the average thickness and diffusion coefficient of slices was calculated depending on the moisture concentration. Obtained results show that thickness depends linearly on the moisture concentration. Using experimental data and obtained average values of samples thickness, the values of diffusion coefficient was calculated. The results indicate that diffusion coefficient value depend linearly on moisture concentration. Their values are close and tend to zero when the concentration decreases if the thickness changes are taken into account during the experiment.

Key words:

carrot, diffusion coefficient, drying, thickness

1259–1266 A. Aboltins and J. Palabinskis
Studies of vegetable drying process in infrared film dryer
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Studies of vegetable drying process in infrared film dryer

A. Aboltins and J. Palabinskis*

Latvia University of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Machinery, Cakstes blvd.5, Jelgava, LV – 3001, Latvia
*Correspondence: janis.palabinskis@llu.lv

Abstract:

The research work analyzes the two fresh vegetable (carrot and garlic slices) drying process in the infrared film dryer. The energy of infrared radiation penetrates through the material and is converted into heat, and the temperature gradient within the product is reduced in a short period of time. Infrared drying takes place at low temperatures (up to 35 °C) and it helps keep the maximum product quality and natural color. The vegetable drying rate significantly differs depending on the location of the products in relation to the infrared film and product location at the air inlet and outlet. With dried products in 3 parallel shelves the most rapid removal of moisture occurs in the lower shelf (close to the air inlet and film) and the top shelf (close to the air outlet and film). This difference compared to the middle shelf reaches 10–15%. Using the experimental data and multivariate analysis it has been found that the product moisture removal depends on its placement (at the heating film and air inlet, outlet) and the drying time.

Key words:

carrot, garlic, IR drying, IR film

294-302 V. Dubrovskis and I. Plume
Anaerobic digestion of vegetables processing wastes with catalyst metaferm
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Anaerobic digestion of vegetables processing wastes with catalyst metaferm

V. Dubrovskis* and I. Plume

Latvia University of Agriculture, Faculty of Engineering, Institute of Agriculture Energetics, 5, Cakstesblvd, LV3001 Jelgava, Latvia *Correspondence: vilisd@inbox.lv

Abstract:

There are 54 active biogas plants in Latvia today. It is necessary to investigate the suitability of various biomasses for energy production. Maize is the dominating crop for biogas production in Latvia. The cultivation of more varied crops with good economical characteristics and a low environmental impact is thus desirable. One of the ways for improving biogas yield in Latvian conditions is using biological catalysts. This paper explores the results of the anaerobic digestion of vegetables’ processing wastes using the new biological catalyst Metaferm. The digestion process was investigated in view of biogas production in sixteen 0.7 l digesters operated in batch mode at the temperature of 38 ± 1.0 °C. The average methane yield per unit of dry organic matter added (DOM) from the digestion of onions was 0.433 l g–1DOM; with 1 ml ofMetaferm: 0.396 l g–1–1DOM, and with 2 ml of Metaferm: 0.394 l gDOM . The average methane yieldfrom the digestion of carrots was 0.325 l g–1–1DOM; with 1 ml of Metaferm: 0.498 l gDOM , and with2 ml of Metaferm: 0.426 l g–1DOM. The average additional methane yield per unit of dry organicmatter from the digestion of 50%:50% mixed onions and carrots was 0.382 l g–1DOMwith 2 mlof Metaferm. The average additional methane yield per unit of dry organic matter from the digestion of cabbage leftovers was 0.325 l g–1–1DOM; with 1 ml of Metaferm: 0.375 l gDOM , andwith 2 ml of Metaferm: 0.415 l g–1DOM. The average additional methane yield per unit of dryorganic matter from the digestion of potato cuttings was 0.570 l g–1DOM; with 1 ml ofMetaferm: 0.551 l g–1–1DOM, and with 2 ml of Metaferm:0.667 l gDOM . The average additionalmethane yield per unit of dry organic matter from the digestion of 50%:50% mixed cabbages and potatoes was 0.613 l g–1DOMwith 2 ml of Metaferm. All investigated vegetable wastes canbe successfully cultivated for energy production under agro-ecological conditions in Latvia. Adding the catalyst Metaferm increased methane yield, except for onions.

Key words:

anaerobic digestion, biogas, biological catalyst., cabbage, carrot, methane, onion, potato

879-891 U. Antone, J. Zagorska, V. Sterna, A. Jemeljanovs, A. Berzins, and D. Ikauniece
Effects of dairy cow diet supplementation with carrots on milk composition, concentration of cow blood serum carotenes, and butter oil fat-soluble antioxidative substances
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Effects of dairy cow diet supplementation with carrots on milk composition, concentration of cow blood serum carotenes, and butter oil fat-soluble antioxidative substances

U. Antone¹*, J. Zagorska², V. Sterna¹, A. Jemeljanovs¹³, A. Berzins³⁴, and D. Ikauniece¹⁴

¹Agency of the Latvia University of Agriculture ‘Research Institute of Biotechnology and Veterinary Medicine ‘Sigra’’, Instituta 1, Sigulda, LV- 2150, Latvia
²Faculty of Food Technology, the Latvia University of Agriculture, Liela 2, Jelgava, LV 3001, Latvia
³Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, the Latvia University of Agriculture, K.Helmana 8, Jelgava, LV 3004, Latvia
⁴Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment ‘BIOR’, Lejupes 3, Riga, LV 1076, Latvia
*Correspondence: u.antone@gmail.com

Abstract:

Fat-soluble constituents of milk – β-carotene and α-tocopherol – are essential for quality and nutritional value of milk and dairy products. Provision of fat-soluble antioxidants and vitamins such as carotenoids and vitamin E necessary for cow organism and milk synthesis depends on their concentration in fodder. The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of cow feed supplementation by carrots on the total carotene concentration in cow blood serum, on fat, protein, lactose concentration in milk, and milk yield, as well as to investigate the effects on β-carotene and α-tocopherol concentration in butter oil and intensity of its yellow colour. A total 20 cows of Latvian brown (n = 8) and Danish red (n = 12) breed were divided into control (CG) and experimental group (EG). In the EG, cow feed was supplemented with seven kg of carrots per cow per day for six weeks at the end of the indoor period (March–May). Milk samples from indoor period (n = 100) and grazing (n = 20) were used for butter oil extraction. The carotene concentration observed in blood of animals before the experiment was insufficient taking into account that the recommended β-carotene concentration in serum is above 3.0 mg l^-1 level. During indoor period the increase in carotene concentration in blood of cows was significant in both groups (P < 0.05) but in EG it was more eplicit showing the positive effect of carrot supplementation. Carrot supplementation did not change milk fat, protein, lactose concentration, and yield (P > 0.05). At the same time it contributed in more stable β-carotene, as well as 30% higher α-tocopherol concentration and more intense yellow colour of butter oil samples during the indoor period of the experiment (P < 0.05).

Key words:

butter oil, carrot, dairy cow, fat-soluble antioxidants.879, milk.

305-310 R. Karklelienė, A. Radzevičius, E. Dambrauskienė, L. Duchovskienė,Č. Bobinas and D. Kavaliauskaitė
Reproduction features of organically grown edible carrot cultivars (Daucus sativus Röhl.) in Lithuania
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Reproduction features of organically grown edible carrot cultivars (Daucus sativus Röhl.) in Lithuania

R. Karklelienė, A. Radzevičius, E. Dambrauskienė, L. Duchovskienė,Č. Bobinas and D. Kavaliauskaitė

Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture, LT-54333 Babtai, Kaunas distr.,Lithuania; e-mail: r.karkleliene@lsdi.lt

Abstract:

Absract. Investigations were carried out in the organic seed-growing greenhouse at the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture. Seed stalks of two edible carrot (Daucus sativus Röhl.) hybrids („Svalia‟ and No 2030) and two carrot cultivars („Garduolės‟, „Šatrija‟) were grown. Plantings of carrots‟ root-crop were stored in a stationary cellar. Investigations showed that cultivar genotype and growing conditions influenced morphological characteristics of the grown carrot seeds. An abundance of the pests and their natural enemies were found in the seed stalks of carrot cultivars, but they didn‟t differ significantly. It was established that cultivar „Garduolės‟ is suitable for organic seed growing on organic farming. Good quality and high viability (viable – 75.0–83.0%) seeds are possible to grow in an organic seed-growing greenhouse.

Key words:

carrot, productivity, quality, reproduction features, seed stalks