Tag Archives: cereals

979-993 R. Viikoja, M. Alaru, I. Keres, R. Lillak, I. Voor and E. Loit
Impact of changing weather on the crops yield stability in different cropping systems
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Impact of changing weather on the crops yield stability in different cropping systems

R. Viikoja, M. Alaru*, I. Keres, R. Lillak, I. Voor and E. Loit

Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Fr.R. Kreutzwaldi 1, EE51014 Tartu, Estonia
*Correspondence: maarika.alaru@emu.ee

Abstract:

Changes in weather conditions make it possible to change the schedule of agricultural works and introduce new crops and crop rotations in Northern Europe. It is important that the yield of the crops in the rotation are stable under highly variable weather conditions, which would ensure a high total yield for the rotation. One of the goals of this long-term field experiment (2008–2022) was to study the effect of weather conditions on the total yield and stability in the crop rotation; crops of the given crop rotation were grown in organic and conventional cropping systems.
Compared to the pre-experimental period 1964‒2007, the annual average air temperature of the test period 2008‒2022 was higher by 1.1 degrees, whereas the increase in the annual average temperature was primarily due to the increase in winter and June–July temperatures. In the 3^rd cropping cycle (2018–2022) the total yield of crop rotation as an average of fertilizer variants and experimental years was 21% and 24% lower than in the 1st (2008–2012) and 2nd (2013–2017) cropping cycles, respectively, which was mainly caused by the decrease in field pea yield. The effect of weather on yield stability was greatest for field pea. Fertilization with mineral fertilizers improved the stability of the total yield in the conventional cropping system. Correlation, factorial analyses of variance (ANOVA) and two-factor ANOVA were used to test the effect of cropping systems and climatic conditions on total and average DM yield of crop rotation, also each crop’s DM yield.
Despite the negative impact of the weather, most of the yield loss can be prevented or the damage can be eased by careful planning and detailed knowledge about the influence of different weather factors. Further investigation is required to determine the change in growing season length, sowing dates and harvesting to provide farmers more detailed tools to predict and plan their actions.

Key words:

cereals, climate change, crop rotation, field pea, potatoes, yield stability

2089–2105 L. Tyšer, M. Kolářová and T.T. Hoová
Occurrence of archaeophytes in agrophytocoenoses – field survey in the Czech Republic
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Occurrence of archaeophytes in agrophytocoenoses – field survey in the Czech Republic

L. Tyšer, M. Kolářová* and T.T. Hoová

Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 00 Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic
*Correspondence: mkolarova@af.czu.cz

Abstract:

Archaeophytes are alien plants introduced to the Czech Republic before the year 1500. Their occurrence is strongly connected with agricultural production. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of archaeophytes in arable fields in the Czech Republic in terms of applied management systems (conventional and organic farming), crops (winter cereals, spring cereals, wide-row crops) and environmental site conditions at different altitudes. In 2006–2018, a phytocoenological survey was conducted in selected farms across the Czech Republic. Totally, 180 weed species were found, of which 48.89% were considered as archaeophytes (88 species). In view of the invasive status, 5 archaeophytes were considered as invasive, the other 83 species were regarded as naturalized. The net effects of all variables studied on the occurrence of archaeophytes were statistically significant. The majority of the variation was explained by altitude, followed by crop and type of farming. Incidence of archaeophytes increases with an increasing altitude and is also related to their affinity with environmental factors. The highest occurrence of archaeophytes was found in cereals, some species, however, occur more frequently in wide row crops. The higher occurrence of archaeophytes was observed in organically managed fields.

Key words:

Altitude, cereals, conventional farming, organic farming, weed communities, wide-row crops

1341-1350 L. Chladek, P. Vaculik and A. Vagova
The measurement of energy consumption during milling different cereals using the sieve analyses
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The measurement of energy consumption during milling different cereals using the sieve analyses

L. Chladek*, P. Vaculik and A. Vagova

Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Technological Equipment of Buildings, Kamýcká 129, CZ165 21 Prague 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic
*Correspondence: chladekl@tf.czu.cz

Abstract:

This paper deals with the measurement of energy consumption required for disintegration of different cereals depending on the desired fineness of obtained grist. The energy consumption necessary for milling was compared with the results of a sieve analysis before and after the disintegration process. The obtained results were compared with energy expended during the disintegration of cereals and were analysed to determine the coefficients of the ratio of fineness of milling/energy consumption. They was found to have good conformity. Special attention was paid to the RRSB distribution for determination of statistic average particle size and specific area of malt grist. Specific area of grist particles from different cereals was determined by calculation of the limited area and x axis in diagrams, this effort is necessary for optimisation of the disintegration process with impact on the quality of final food.

Key words:

cereals, electric energy consumption, hammer mill, sieve analysis, two roller mill

523-533 M. Macák, V. Rataj, M. Barát and J. Galambošová
Comparison of two sowing systems for CTF using commercially available machinery
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Comparison of two sowing systems for CTF using commercially available machinery

M. Macák*, V. Rataj, M. Barát and J. Galambošová

Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Machines and Production Biosystems, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, SK949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
*Correspondence: miroslav.macak@uniag.sk

Abstract:

The crop establishment belongs to crucial technology operations. The quality of sowing is the basis for obtaining efficiency of production. Controlled Traffic Farming (CTF) is a technology which prevents excessive soil compaction and minimizes compacted area to the smallest possible area of permanent traffic lanes (PTL). There were two sowing systems compared, namely row and band sowing when growing winter barley. Sowing parameters as well as all other field operations were identical for both compared systems. Measurements were conducted at an experimental field on non-compacted and traffic lane areas where CTF system was introduced in 2009, with 64% of compacted and 36% of non-compacted soil. Six crop parameters were analysed. Generally, it can be concluded that the band sowing performed better in yield (by 9.3% in non-compacted area; by 3.8% in traffic lane), ear number (by 5.2% in non-compacted area; by 10.1% in traffic lane) and grain number (by 6.3% in non-compacted area; by 8.1% in traffic lane) as well as crop height (by 6.6% in non-compacted area; and by 2.4% in traffic lane). The only parameter performing worse was TGW with decrease of 6.6% in non-compacted area and decrease 2.8% in traffic lane for band system. Differences in number of grain per ear were negligible.

Key words:

band sowing, cereals, CTF, drill, soil compaction

1287–1294 M. Eliášová and L. Paznocht
Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of tritordeum wheat and barley
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Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of tritordeum wheat and barley

M. Eliášová* and L. Paznocht

Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Chemistry, Kamýcka 129, CZ16521, Prague 6, Czech Republic
*Correspondence: eliasovam@af.czu.cz

Abstract:

Whole grains are a source of numerous antioxidant compounds such as phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, proanthocyanidins, lignans and others which are able to scavenge free radicals. Thus cereals seem to be very useful in preventing chronic diseases like metabolic syndrome (obesity, high blood pressure, high blood triglyceride and glucose levels), diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and chronic inflammatory diseases. Recently, there has been an increased consumer demand for cereal based foods, especially whole cereals. Such demand provides scope for innovations of which an important one is introduction of a completely new cereal cross called tritordeum. This alternative cereal, which is presented as a good source of health beneficial compounds, was assessed in this study and compared with wheat and barley. The total phenolic content (TPC) and related total antioxidant activity (TAA) were investigated via two spectrophotometric methods using a stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and Folin-Ciocalteau reagent respectively. Both TPC and related TAA values of tritordeum and wheat were similar but were significantly lower compared to barley. Results have also revealed a close relationship between TAA and TPC (R2 = 0.93, p < 0.05), which might suggest that increased antioxidant activity in those grains is caused by phenolic compounds contained in them. Tritordeum seems to represent a new cereal with good prospects; nevertheless more detailed analysis of its health related compounds is required.

Key words:

cereals, DPPH, spectrophotometry, total antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, tritordeum

1372–1383 Z. Kruma, L. Tomsone, T. Ķince, R. Galoburda, S. Senhofa, M. Sabovics, E. Straumite and I. Sturite
Effects of germination on total phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity in hull-less spring cereals and triticale
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Effects of germination on total phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity in hull-less spring cereals and triticale

Z. Kruma¹, L. Tomsone¹, T. Ķince¹*, R. Galoburda¹, S. Senhofa¹, M. Sabovics¹, E. Straumite¹ and I. Sturite²

¹Latvia University of Agriculture, Faculty of Food Technology, Department of Food Technology, St. Rigas 22, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia
²Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, St. Fredrik A. Dahls 20, Ås, Akershus, NO 1432, Norway
*Correspondence: tatjana.kince@llu.lv

Abstract:

The aim of the current research was to evaluate changes in the content of total phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity at different germination stages of triticale, hull-less barley, hull-less oats, wheat, and rye. Grain germination was performed for 12, 24, 36 and 48 h at controlled conditions. Ultrasound assisted extraction was used for isolation of total phenolic compounds. For all extracts the total phenolic compounds content, DPPH radical and ABTS+ radical scavenging activity were determined spectrophotometrically. The results of the experiments demonstrated that the highest content of total phenolic compounds and the highest antiradical activity was determined in hull-less barley samples. In all studied grains the content of phenolic compounds increased significantly during soaking and germination process. DPPH radical scavenging activity during germination increased. ABTS+ radical scavenging activity also increased after soaking process and dynamics were cereal type dependent. Pearson’s coefficients between the phenolic compound levels and antioxidant activity taking into account all obtained results were high. Very strong positive correlations between the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were determined for triticale during germination. Also antioxidant activity determined by both tests correlated with the highest results for barley and oats. The highest content of total phenolic compounds determines the optimum duration of germination to be 24 hours, except rye samples where the highest value was reached only after 48 hours of germination. Shorter time was required to reach the highest values of DPPH radical activity – for wheat rye, and triticale, namely 12 hours.

Key words:

cereals, germination, radical scavenging activity, total phenolic compounds

1299–1305 D. Herak
Image analysis of the shapes and dimensions of Teff seeds (Eragrostis tef)
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Image analysis of the shapes and dimensions of Teff seeds (Eragrostis tef)

D. Herak

Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kamycka 129, CZ 16521 Prague, Czech Republic e-mail: herak@tf.czu.cz

Abstract:

With aid of the image analysis using trio ocular microscope the dimensions, circumferences and areas in two perpendicular planes of Teff seeds were measured and based on this information the new ellipsoid model of the seed’s shape was derived and compared with measured values. From statistical analysis implies that this model on probability 0.95 is significantly identical with measured values of the Teff seeds. Determined model can help more accurately set up and developed accurate mathematical model for describing mechanical behaviour of individual seeds as well as bulk seeds.

Key words:

ball, cereals, dimension, ellipsoid, grain, model

1064-1073 S. Senhofa, E. Straumite, M. Sabovics, D. Klava, R. Galoburda andT. Rakcejeva
The effect of packaging type on quality of cereal muesli during storage
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The effect of packaging type on quality of cereal muesli during storage

S. Senhofa*, E. Straumite, M. Sabovics, D. Klava, R. Galoburda andT. Rakcejeva

Latvia University of Agriculture, Faculty of Food Technology, Department of Food Technology, Liela Street 2, LV 3001 Jelgava, Latvia *Correspondence: santa@musli.lv

Abstract:

Cereal-derived breakfast products (cereal flakes, bread, and muesli) are increasingly consumed because they are an important source of energy for adults and children. Shelf-life of foods is highly dependent on the permeability characteristics of the packaging materials, which emphasize the importance of packaging design. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes of physically-chemical, microbiological and sensory parametrs of cereal muesli with chocolate and apricots during storage. Samples of muesli with chocolate and apricots were packaged in 3 different types of packaging–paper bag, paper tubes and Doypack (stand-up pouches) and stored for 9 months (at 20 ± 2°C temperature and relative air humidity – 55 ± 3%). During the storage moisture content, water activity, total plate count of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms (MAFAm), mould and yeast, volatile compounds and sensory quality were evaluated in analysed muesli samples. The lowest moisture content after 9 months storage was determined for muesli samples stored in paper bag. Total number of mesophilic aerobic facultative anaerobic microorganisms (MAFAm, mould and yeast) of muesli in all samples during storage slightly increased. After 9 months storage muesli with chocolate and apricots in the Doypack had the best sensory properties. In muesli with chocolate and apricots there were identified 18 volatile compounds. The results indicated that paper bags were the least suitable for packaging of cereal muesli with chocolate and apricot, because of essential quality changes of samples during their storage. The shelf-life of 9 months can be recommended for cereal muesli with chocolate and apricots packaged in paper tube or Doypack.

Key words:

cereals, muesli, packaging, storage time.

311-316 F.L. Stoddard
Improving food and feed security in the Nordic and Baltic region by using appropriate crop rotations
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Improving food and feed security in the Nordic and Baltic region by using appropriate crop rotations

F.L. Stoddard

Dept. Agricultural Sciences, PL 27 (Latokartanonkaari 5), 00014 University ofHelsinki, Finland; email frederick.stoddard@helsinki.fi

Abstract:

Abstract: Rotations in the Nordic and Baltic region are, as elsewhere in Europe, heavily biased towards cereals. Broadleaved crops in general, and grain legumes in particular, offer a range of environmental and agricultural benefits that are inadequately exploited in this region. This article reviews some of the options available to the region. Brassica oilseeds can be used as catch crops, cover crops and biofumigants, as well as for their oil and protein-rich meal. Fibre hemp is a good soil-cleaning crop with excellent bioenergy potential. Grain legumes produce food and animal feed locally while contributing positively to soil health, and are particularly under-exploited regionally, in spite of the availability of suitable germplasm. The prospects for using mainstream alternative crops in regional rotations are therefore very good and this use should lead to improved agricultural sustainability and economic viability.

Key words:

broadleaved crops, cereals, disease cycles, legumes, nutrition

677-683 S. Mikulioniene and L. Balezentiene
Responses of cereals grain quality on organical and conventional farming
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Responses of cereals grain quality on organical and conventional farming

S. Mikulioniene and L. Balezentiene

Lithuanian University of Agriculture, Studentų 11, Akademija LT– 53361, Kaunas distr.,e-mail: ligita.balezentiene@lzuu.lt;

Abstract:

Commodity-based conventional farming induced applying heavy amounts of mineral and organic fertilizers and stimulated the decline of the animated part of the soil. Integrated, extensive and ecologically sustainable organic agriculture systems started to spread inherently as an alternative to such aggressive conventional farming. The main aim of this research was to evaluate and compare chemical composition of forage cereals (barley, wheat, rye, oat and triticale) cropped in different farming systems. Dry matter (DM), crude ash (CA), crude fat (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), content of mineral, trace elements and heavy metals were determined for estimation of the feed value of tested cereals grain. The highest content of important essential amino acid methionine+cystine (5.0 g kg -1 DM) and lysine (4.7 g kg -1 DM) was determined in chemical composition of oat. The equal content of tryptophane (1.2) was determined in wheat, oat and barley. The smallest content (0.95 g kg -1 DM) of this amino acid was found in rye. Mineral and trace element concentrations in DM ranged as follows: Ca– 0.3–0.9, P – 3.3–3.7, Mg – 1.1–1.2 and Na – 0.16–0.35 g kg -1. Organically cropped grain contained less crude protein (CP) and fat, but crude fiber content increased as compared to those conventionally cropped. CP varied from 8.2 (triticale) to11.5% (oat) in organically cropped grains. CP content was markedly higher in intensively cropped grain and ranged between 11.9–14.5%.

Key words:

cereals, chemical composition, organic and intensive/conventional farming