Tag Archives: chemical composition

935-947 N.V. Silva, A.J.V. Pires, I.C. Dutra, H.S. Silva, B.E.F. Santos, M.S. Nogueira, N.T. Cruz, A.P.G. Silva, L.S. Teixeira, G.R.S. Oliveira, G.C. Dutra and L.S. Teixeira
The quality and fermentation of the total diet containing BRS capiaçu or sugarcane with or without urea
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The quality and fermentation of the total diet containing BRS capiaçu or sugarcane with or without urea

N.V. Silva*, A.J.V. Pires, I.C. Dutra, H.S. Silva, B.E.F. Santos, M.S. Nogueira, N.T. Cruz, A.P.G. Silva, L.S. Teixeira, G.R.S. Oliveira, G.C. Dutra and L.S. Teixeira

State University of Southwest of Bahia, BR45700-000 Itapetinga, Bahia, Brazil
*Correspondence: nvszootecnista@gmail.com

Abstract:

The objective of this study was to evaluate total diet silages in PVC silos, containing BRS Capiaçu or sugarcane with or without urea. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 2×2 factorial arrangement with ten replicates, with one of the roughages (sugarcane or Capiaçu) being with or without urea (2% urea on a dry matter basis). No interaction was observed between the bulk and urea factors for the variables analyzed. Diets containing sugarcane presented greater gas losses and lower pH. In contrast, effluent losses and dry matter recovery were higher in diets containing BRS Capiaçu. Ammonia nitrogen levels were influenced by both the type of roughage and the addition of urea, being higher in diets with urea and those containing BRS Capiaçu. Diets with BRS Capiaçu also resulted in higher levels of ash, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. The addition of urea, in turn, reduced lignin levels. The levels of ADIN and NDIN were higher in diets with BRS Capiaçu and lower in those with sugarcane, while urea reduced ADIN. For NFC, there was an effect of roughage and urea, with higher values observed in diets with sugarcane and with the addition of urea. The highest iNDF levels were found in diets with BRS Capiaçu and without urea. Protein fractionation showed that the addition of urea increased fraction A and reduced fractions B1+B2 and C. Fraction B3 was higher in diets with sugarcane. Fraction C showed higher levels with BRS Capiaçu and when urea was not added. Sugarcane resulted in higher levels of fractions A+B1 and lower levels of B2 and C, a pattern opposite to that observed with BRS Capiaçu. Similarly, urea increased fractions A+B1 and decreased fractions B2 and C. The addition of urea to the diets promoted changes in the carbohydrate and protein fractions, improving the composition. Regarding the roughage used, sugarcane presented better fermentation parameters when purchased from Capiaçu.

Key words:

chemical composition, conservation, fermentation, total mixed ration

794-814 D. Gorbacovs, P. Gavrilovs, J. Eiduks and M. Gailis
Innovative approach to real-time diagnostic of bolted joints and elastic couplings to prevent their fractures
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Innovative approach to real-time diagnostic of bolted joints and elastic couplings to prevent their fractures

D. Gorbacovs*, P. Gavrilovs, J. Eiduks and M. Gailis

Riga Technical University, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Railway Engineering, Transport and Aeronautics, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
*Correspondence: dmitrijs.gorbacovs@edu.rtu.lv

Abstract:

Failure of fasteners can lead to undesirable consequences. Fatigue failure of machine parts is difficult to predict and prevent. Vehicles and agricultural machinery include various systems such as engine, transmission, and many other systems that are fixed and connected using fasteners. Without a doubt, the performance of an individual system depends on the design of its kernel. But for the system to work, it must be properly fixed. Premature failure of bolts is subject of interest of engineers.

The purpose of this study is to identify the causes of the failure of the fixing bolts and develop device and algorithm for early detection of conditions that might lead to bolt failure. The experimental data is collected analysing bolts and elastic couplings of electric passenger trains.

Laboratory studies included the measurement of tensile strength, hardness, microanalysis of the metal structure and chemical analysis of failed old and new bolts. The authors present various visual and numerical results from this study. It also provides detailed conclusions about the causes of failure and recommendations for the selection of bolts for critical mechanical connections under dynamic loads and variable temperatures.

The authors have developed a device that can be used in mechanical engineering, shipbuilding and other industries to control the deformation, vibration and shocks acting on a bolted joint. This device for monitoring the load and vibrations of bolted connections allows to constantly collect and analyse data during the operation of the vehicle in order to reduce the number of unscheduled repairs of vehicles due to its damage, as well as to reduce the number of accidents or other incidents. The authors also have developed a method and algorithm for calculating and evaluating the influence of external factors on the shell of a rubber-cord coupling. The study is based on statistical, material, and mathematical analysis of unexpected failures of rubber couplings. A numerical analysis of the operating conditions of the couplings before failure was performed.

The results obtained are encouraging and prove that the use of an impact force measuring device and real-time data analysis can be cost-effective and can eliminate the problem of bolt and elastic coupling failure in one go, as well as reduce the cost of operating and repairing vehicles.

Key words:

chemical composition, fastening bolt, hardness, metal structure, rubber cord coupling, static stress

424-436 V. Tatar, A. Tänavots, A. Polikarpus, A. Sats, E. Arvi, T. Mahla and I. Jõudu
Effect of the Lactation Months on Milk Composition of the Second-Parity Lacaune Ewes
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Effect of the Lactation Months on Milk Composition of the Second-Parity Lacaune Ewes

V. Tatar¹*, A. Tänavots¹, A. Polikarpus¹, A. Sats¹, E. Arvi¹, T. Mahla¹ and I. Jõudu¹²

¹Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Chair of Food Science and Technology, Fr.R. Kreutzwaldi 1, EE51006 Tartu, Estonia
²Estonian University of Life Sciences, ERA Chair for Food (By-) Products Valorisation Technologies of the Estonian University of Life Sciences (VALORTECH), Fr.R. Kreutzwaldi 1, EE51006 Tartu, Estonia
*Correspondence: vilma.tatar@emu.ee

Abstract:

This research aims to determine the chemical composition of Lacaune ewe milk produced in Estonia, as well as the correlations and the influence the stages of lactation have on milk. The study was carried out on fifty-one second-parity ewes. The analysis involved a total of 178 milk samples collected monthly from the second to the seventh month of lactation. Milk analyses included the determination of the contents of total solids, fat, total protein, casein, casein index, lactose, ash, P, Ca, K, Na, Mg, somatic cell count and pH. The Lacaune ewes’ milk contained on average 18.62% total solids, 7.75% fat, 5.74% total protein, 4.32% casein, 4.76% lactose, 0.89% ash, 160.26 mg 100 g^-1 Ca, 140.07 mg 100 g^-1 P, 135.21 mg 100 g^-1 K, 6.44 mg 100 g^-1 Na, 17.66 mg 100 g^-1 Mg. Overall means for casein index, pH value and somatic cell scores were 75.35%, 6.61 and 12.62, respectively. It was found that the month of lactation significantly affected almost all monitored traits except somatic cell score, casein index and Ca content. The contents of total solids, fat, total protein, casein, ash, P, and Mg increased, while the lactose content, and pH value decreased with the advancing lactation. Sodium content was highest and potassium content lowest value during mid-lactation. Producers must take into account that the composition of Lacaune ewe milk depends on the stage of lactation and may, therefore, affect the production process and the final quality of the product.

Key words:

chemical composition, ewe milk, stage of lactation

1970-1980 O.V. Shelepova, L.S. Olekhnovich, L.N. Konovalova, T.I. Khusnetdinova3, A.A. Gulevich and E.N. Baranova
Assessment of essential oil yield in three mint species in the climatic conditions of Central Russia
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Assessment of essential oil yield in three mint species in the climatic conditions of Central Russia

O.V. Shelepova¹*, L.S. Olekhnovich¹, L.N. Konovalova¹², T.I. Khusnetdinova3, A.A. Gulevich² and E.N. Baranova¹²*

¹N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Sciences, RU127276 Moscow, Russia
²All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, RU127550 Moscow, Russia ³Faculty of Soil Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/12, RU119234 Moscow, Russia
*Correspondence: shov_gbsad@mail.ru; greenpro2007@rambler.ru

Abstract:

The aim of the study was to study the harvest time for the essential oil yield and its qualitative composition in three species of mint Mentha piperita L. (Peppermint), M. spicata L. (Spearmint) and M. arvensis var. piperascens Malinv. ex. Holmes (Sakhalinmint). In 2018, the research was performed with plants of second year of vegetation in the Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Immunity of the NV Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of the RAS. As a result, it was found that the optimal harvest period for Sakhalinmint and Peppermint should be recommended in a phase of mass flowering: the yield of fresh raw materials was 509–479 g m^-2, air-dry raw materials – 110–107 g m^-2; the content of essential oil in the aboveground part (a mixture of leaves and inflorescences) of plants – 3.24–4.01%; the proportion of the main component of essential oil (menthol) – 57.3–50.2%. In Spearmint, the optimum time for harvesting is the phase of budding. The content of the main component of essential oil (carvon) was maximum – 67.9%, and the yield of essential oil was 2.6%, while the yield was 381 g m^-2 of fresh raw materials (81.9 g m^-2 of air-dry raw materials) at harvesting in this ontogenesis stage. Analysis of the secretory apparatus parameters on a surface of some green tissues in three mint species showed that the maximum density of secretory glands on both sides of the leaf is characteristic of peppermint, which provides a higher yield of essential oil in this type of mint. The study allowed determining the optimal harvesting time for highly productive mint species when they are grown in the conditions of Central Russia. The raw materials of these mint species can be used for the production of essential oils and are of interest for pharmacology and the perfume and cosmetics industry.

Key words:

chemical composition, Essential oil, harvest time, Mentha piperita L. (peppermint), Mentha spicata L.(spearmint) and Mentha arvensis var. piperascens Malinv. ex. Holmes (Sakhalinmint), secretory glands

276–299 M. Sulg, A. Konist and O. Järvik
Characterization of different wood species as potential feedstocks for gasification
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Characterization of different wood species as potential feedstocks for gasification

M. Sulg*, A. Konist and O. Järvik

Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Energy Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, UU19086 Tallinn, Estonia
*Correspondence: mari.sulg@taltech.ee

Abstract:

This paper provides an extended overview of the chemical characteristics of 19 different wood species originating from Estonia. The variation of chemical composition in wood and bark was investigated using a variety of analytical techniques including WD-XRF, ICP-MS, and elemental analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to observe clustering in the sample set. It revealed a clear data clustering in terms of the wood and bark samples. Wood characteristics exhibit quite narrow ranges, on the other hand the composition of wood bark samples is significantly different and more distributed. The correlations and associations among 27 chemical parameters, including 16 ash-forming elements, were studied. Several significant positive correlations between Cr-Ni-Fe, Ca-Sr, Al-Na-Si-Ti, K-Mg-P, Fe-Zn-Cr-Ni-Cu, Ash-Ca, N-S-P and O-volatile matter were found. Most of the metallic components are negatively correlated with volatile matter, C, H, O and heating value and are positively related to each other, or no significant correlation was identified. Results are compared to literature data and technical quality standards for biomass. Biomass feedstocks availability and composition for gasification process was discussed. Wood samples had higher volatiles content than in bark which is an indication that higher conversion rate and lower gasification temperature can be used. Spruce, pine and black alder barks have higher fixed carbon content than other common species that may increase biochar yield. Commonly available woods like Scots pine, Norway spruce, aspen, birch, black alder and grey alder may considered as suitable feedstocks for gasification because of their low N, S, Cl, and ash content together with high volatile matter, however, relatively high total heavy metals content were found from birch and grey alder barks compared to other hardwoods.

Key words:

biomass, biomass ash, chemical composition

1337–1345 L. Klavins, J. Kviesis and M. Klavins
Surface wax composition of wild and cultivated Northern berries
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Surface wax composition of wild and cultivated Northern berries

L. Klavins*, J. Kviesis and M. Klavins

Laboratory of Natural Products Research, University of Latvia, Jelgavas street 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
*Correspondence: linards.klavins@lu.lv

Abstract:

Surface wax of plants is the outer layer, which protects the plant from dehydration, extreme temperatures, UV radiation and changes in the environment, as well as attacks from moulds and bacteria. Studies of berry surface wax are of importance to understand metabolism character (factors affecting wax layer composition in different berry species) as well as to increase the shelf life of berries and increase the microbial resistance. The aim of this study was analysis of surface wax composition of commercially grown 8 blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) varieties, wild bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and bog bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.). More than 80 different compounds were identified and quantified belonging to 9 groups of compounds, namely, alkanes, phytosterols, alcohols, fatty acids, phenolic acids, ketones, aldehydes, esters and tocopherols. Significant differences were found between blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) and bog bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) surface wax composition. Amongst studied berries differences were found in concentrations of triterpenes (up to 62% in blueberries), and fatty acids (up to 26% in bilberries) identifying species related differences influencing associated functional properties of berry wax (antimicrobial activity, stress caused by environmental changes). Blueberry variety ‘Polaris’ had the highest amount of ursolic acid (9.30 g 100 g^-1), alpha-amyrin (11.07 g 100 g^-1) and lupeol (10.2 g 100 g^-1). Research on berry surface wax composition could help reduce loss of commercially produced berries due to environmental impacts or microbial attacks, prolonging shelf life and overall quality of fruits and vegetables post-harvest.

Key words:

bilberry, blueberry, bog bilberry, chemical composition, cuticle, cuticular, lipids, surface wax

1417-1424 Z. Kruma, E. Straumite, T. Kince, D. Klava, K. Abelniece and A. Balgalve
Influence of Technological Parameters on Chemical Composition of Triticale Flakes
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Influence of Technological Parameters on Chemical Composition of Triticale Flakes

Z. Kruma¹*, E. Straumite¹, T. Kince¹, D. Klava¹, K. Abelniece² and A. Balgalve²

¹University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Food Technology, Department of Food Technology, Rigas iela 22, LV-3001, Jelgava, Latvia
²Ltd Felici, Rigas gatve 8, LV-2164, Adazi, Adazu novads, Latvia
*Correspondence: zanda.kruma@llu.lv

Abstract:

Triticale is hybrid crop developed by crossing wheat (Triticum) and rye (Secale) and in last years it become more popular for food applications, including flake production. Different approaches are developed to improve flakes technology by applying different cooking, rolling, toasting parameters resulting in high quality products. All these technologies influence also nutrition quality of product due to the different stability of these compounds during mechanical and thermal treatment. The aim of current experiment was to investigate the influence of technological parameters on chemical composition of triticale flakes. In current experiment triticale grains and triticale flakes obtained by different technologies was tested. For evaluation of the influence of technological parameters, different flaking and rolling parameters were tested. For all samples were determined composition of basic nutrients (fats, proteins, fibres, sugars, ash), minerals (Ca, Mg, K, Zn, P), vitamins, total phenolics and antioxidant activity. Triticale has high nutritional quality, containing significant amounts of protein, fibres, vitamins and minerals. Technological processes significantly influence cereals composition, but it depends on parameters tested. Control sample showed lower results and hierarchical cluster analyses showed that samples 1/3/1, 2/1/2/1, 2/1/3/1, 2/1/4/1 are similar in composition of bioactive compounds. Results showed that for selection of the best method for flaking physical and/or sensory properties should be taken in account.

Key words:

chemical composition, flakes, technology, triticale

198–210 S. Rancane, A. Karklins, D. Lazdina, P. Berzins, A. Bardule, A. Butlers and A. Lazdins
The evaluation of biomass yield and quality of Phalaris arundinacea and Festulolium fertilised with bio-energy waste products
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The evaluation of biomass yield and quality of Phalaris arundinacea and Festulolium fertilised with bio-energy waste products

S. Rancane¹*, A. Karklins², D. Lazdina³, P. Berzins¹, A. Bardule³, A. Butlers³ and A. Lazdins³

¹Latvia University of Agriculture, Institute of Agriculture, Lielā iela 2, LV-3001,
Jelgava, Latvia
²Latvia University of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Soil and Plant
Sciences, Lielā iela 2, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia
³Latvia State Forest Research Institute ‘Silava’, Rīgas iela 111, LV-2169 Salaspils,
Latvia
*Correspondence: sarmite.rancane@inbox.lv

Abstract:

Tall growing perennial grasses such as Phalaris arundinacea and Festulolium can be used as an alternative source for bioenergy production in northern latitudes as they can be grown in less cultivated areas and can be potentially used as a dual purpose crop (bioenergy and forage). The aim of studies was to investigate the effectiveness of using bioenergy waste products – fermentation residues (digestate) and wood ash as fertilisers for perennial grasses. The field experiment was conducted in the central part of Latvia (56°42′ N and 25°08′ E) from 2013 to 2015. For all fertiliser treatments (wood ash, digestate once per season; digestate twice per season and mineral fertilisers) the same amount of plant nutrients (N, P, K) was applied annually: N (100), P2O5 (80), K2O (160); and the missing quantities of elements in ash and digestate were compensated by mineral fertilisers. Dry matter yield (DMY) in two harvest regimes (single cut and two cut) and chemical composition (ash content; total C and N) of grass biomass partitioning among tillers, leaves and panicles were estimated.
Biomass yield in the three years of use varied considerably depending on the fertiliser, harvest regime and species, ranging up to 10.0 Mg ha-1 for RCG and 7.73 Mg ha-1 for festulolium. All fertilisers provided a significant increase of DMY, however, better results for both species were obtained using wood ash and mineral fertilisers. The harvest regime and species affected directly the quality of biomass, single cut of RCG contained significantly less ash and more carbon. There were significant differences between sward fractions – culms in comparison with leaves contained less ash and nitrogen, and more carbon, what are desirable features for solid fuel.

Key words:

chemical composition, dry matter yield, fermentation residues, perennial grasses, wood ash

615-624 V. Kemešytė, N. Lemežienė, J. Kanapeckas, E. Vilčinskas,L. Z. Baistruk-Glodan and R. Ivanciv
Evaluation of Lolium perenne L. wild ecotypes of Ukrainian origin in Lithuania
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Evaluation of Lolium perenne L. wild ecotypes of Ukrainian origin in Lithuania

V. Kemešytė¹, N. Lemežienė¹, J. Kanapeckas¹, E. Vilčinskas¹,L. Z. Baistruk-Glodan² and R. Ivanciv²

¹Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and ForestryInstituto al. 1, Akademija, Kedainiai distr., Lithuania; e-mail: vilma@lzi.lt²Prikarpatjan branch of Western region Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry,Ukrainian Academy of Agrarian Science., Lishnia, Lvov r., Ukraine; e-mail: d_stancija@mail.lviv.ua

Abstract:

The plants of 23 wild populations of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) were collected in 2006 and 2007 in the natural habitats of grasses in West Ukraine (Prikarpatja, Karpat and Zakarpatja region). These populations and 2 Ukrainian varieties were planted in 2008 and 2009 into the germplasm collection at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture. In the collection trials the following parameters were assessed: winter damage, beginning of heading, growth at the beginning of vegetation and re-growth after cuts, plant height, leaf colour, flag leaf length and width, dry matter yield, disease incidence and chemical composition. The Ukrainian wild populations distinguished by winter hardiness, fast spring growth, high dry matter yield and forage quality under Lithuanian conditions. The plants of the wild Ukrainian populations were shorter, with narrower and shorter flag leaves and more sensitive to crown rust and leaf spot pathogens, compared with the Lithuanian varieties. The Ukrainian varieties exhibited early heading and worse chemical composition, compared with the standard Lithuanian variety ‘Žvilgė’.

Key words:

agro-morphological trait, chemical composition, ryegrass, wild population

677-683 S. Mikulioniene and L. Balezentiene
Responses of cereals grain quality on organical and conventional farming
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Responses of cereals grain quality on organical and conventional farming

S. Mikulioniene and L. Balezentiene

Lithuanian University of Agriculture, Studentų 11, Akademija LT– 53361, Kaunas distr.,e-mail: ligita.balezentiene@lzuu.lt;

Abstract:

Commodity-based conventional farming induced applying heavy amounts of mineral and organic fertilizers and stimulated the decline of the animated part of the soil. Integrated, extensive and ecologically sustainable organic agriculture systems started to spread inherently as an alternative to such aggressive conventional farming. The main aim of this research was to evaluate and compare chemical composition of forage cereals (barley, wheat, rye, oat and triticale) cropped in different farming systems. Dry matter (DM), crude ash (CA), crude fat (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), content of mineral, trace elements and heavy metals were determined for estimation of the feed value of tested cereals grain. The highest content of important essential amino acid methionine+cystine (5.0 g kg -1 DM) and lysine (4.7 g kg -1 DM) was determined in chemical composition of oat. The equal content of tryptophane (1.2) was determined in wheat, oat and barley. The smallest content (0.95 g kg -1 DM) of this amino acid was found in rye. Mineral and trace element concentrations in DM ranged as follows: Ca– 0.3–0.9, P – 3.3–3.7, Mg – 1.1–1.2 and Na – 0.16–0.35 g kg -1. Organically cropped grain contained less crude protein (CP) and fat, but crude fiber content increased as compared to those conventionally cropped. CP varied from 8.2 (triticale) to11.5% (oat) in organically cropped grains. CP content was markedly higher in intensively cropped grain and ranged between 11.9–14.5%.

Key words:

cereals, chemical composition, organic and intensive/conventional farming