Tag Archives: corn

1169-1184 M.M. Marenych, K.V. Koba, V.V. Hanhur, S.O. Yurchenko, S.M. Shakalii, A.V. Bahan, O.O. Chetveryk and A.M. Rybalchenko
The influence of irrigation and seeding rates on the yield of female components lines of corn in conditions of unstable moisture in Ukraine
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The influence of irrigation and seeding rates on the yield of female components lines of corn in conditions of unstable moisture in Ukraine

M.M. Marenych¹, K.V. Koba³, V.V. Hanhur², S.O. Yurchenko¹, S.M. Shakalii²*, A.V. Bahan¹, O.O. Chetveryk¹ and A.M. Rybalchenko¹

¹Poltava State Agrarian University, Educational and Research Institute of Agrotechnology, Breeding and Ecology, Department of Breeding, Seed Science and Genetics, 1/3, Skovorody Str., UA36003 Poltava, Ukraine
²Poltava State Agrarian University, Educational and Research Institute of Agrotechnology, Breeding and Ecology, Department of Plant Science, 1/3, Skovorody Str., UA36003 Poltava, Ukraine
³LLC Poltava Sad, village of Rozsoshentsi, UA36000 Poltava, Ukraine
*Correspondence: shakaliysveta@gmail.com

Abstract:

In regions with insufficient rainfall or different climates, the use of irrigation systems is an important element of corn growing technology. The variation in corn yield on non-irrigated lands is 533% and 200% greater than on irrigated lands. Corn yield also depends heavily on sowing density. The optimal plant density is an unstable value. Field studies were conducted in conditions of unstable moisture in the central part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, which according to agro-climatic zoning belongs to the zone of unstable moisture. The experimental design included: assessment of the characteristics of weather conditions during the years of research (2021–2023) and their impact on seed yield (factor A); determination of seed productivity of female components linesof hybrids of different maturity groups P4/440, P5/320, P6/240 (factor B); the impact of growing hybrids with and without irrigation (factor C); the effect of different seeding rates on seed yield (60, 70, 80, 90 thousand seeds per ha-1) (factor D). The test results show that during the change in corn productivity depending on genetic properties, seeding rate and irrigation, the late-ripening hybrid P4/440 was characterized by the highest grain yield when grown under irrigation, with a seeding rate of 90 thousand similar seeds per ha-1 a decrease in the seeding rate from 90 to 80, 70, 60 seeding rate thousand seeds ha-1 was accompanied by a decrease in the yield of seeds of female components lines: in the early-ripening hybrid P6/240 – by 0.31, 0.63 and 1.10 t ha-1 or 5.7, 11.5 and 20.1%, in the mid-ripening hybrid P5/320 – by 0.59, 1.08 and 1.42 t ha-1 or 9.8, 17.9 and 23.5%, in the late-ripening hybrid P4/440 – by 0.39, 0.74 and 1.28 t ha-1 or 6.0, 11.4, 19.8%. The greatest influence on the formation of yield is the irrigation factor – 53%. Genetic properties influenced 28%. gradual increase in the yield of seeds of female components lines of culture when increasing the seeding rate from 60 to 70 thousand seeds ha-1 (by 0.01 t ha-1) and reaching a maximum at a rate of 80 thousand seeds ha-1 (by 0.05 t ha-1).  But with an increase in the seeding rate to 90 thousand ha-1, the seed yield sharply decreased by 0.13 t ha-1. The highest yield in variants without irrigation was observed when using the minimum seeding rate – 60 thousand seeds ha-1. A gradual increase in the seeding rate without irrigation
led to a negative result, in particular, a decrease in the average yield for corn hybrids by
0.07–0.31 t ha-1 or 1.8–7.9%. Hybrids reacted differently to the seeding rate and cultivation on rainfed and irrigated land. Early ripening hybrid P6/240, mid-ripening P5/320 and late-ripening P4/440 hybrids formed the highest seed yield when grown under irrigation with a seeding rate of 90 thousand seeds ha-1. When grown without irrigation, the best conditions for the formation of plant components and high yield were noted at the lowest seeding rate of 60 thousand seeds ha-1. The minimum seeding rate ensured the production of seeds with a high mass of 1,000 seeds.

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1284-1296 S.M. Shakalii, A.V. Bahan, S.O. Yurchenko, M.M. Marenych, V.V. Liashenko, O.O. Chetveryk, N.S. Shokalo and V.V. Zubenko
Formation of grain yield in corn hybrids of different FAO groups depending on sowing dates and plant density
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Formation of grain yield in corn hybrids of different FAO groups depending on sowing dates and plant density

S.M. Shakalii¹*, A.V. Bahan², S.O. Yurchenko², M.M. Marenych², V.V. Liashenko¹, O.O. Chetveryk², N.S. Shokalo² and V.V. Zubenko²

¹Poltava State Agrarian University, Educational and Research Institute of Agrotechnology, Breeding and Ecology, Department of Plant Science, 1/3, Skovorody Str.,
UA36003 Poltava, Ukraine
²Poltava State Agrarian University, Educational and Research Institute of Agrotechnology, Breeding and Ecology, Department of Breeding, Seed Science and Genetics, 1/3, Skovorody Str., UA36003 Poltava, Ukraine
*Correspondence: shakaliysveta@gmail.com

Abstract:

Formation of productivity of any agricultural crop depends on many factors. First of all, the soil and climatic conditions of the crop growing area, varietal or hybrid composition, seed quality, sowing dates and plant density, and strict adherence to all methods of cultivation technology are important. Corn hybrids of different maturity groups differ in morphological and biological properties. Thus, obtaining the potential yield of an individual genotype is possible under favorable conditions for the growth and development of plants, including high-variety agricultural machinery and natural conditions. The maximum yield of high-quality corn grain is formed under the condition of the optimal ratio of all structural elements: weight of 1,000 grains, number of rows of grains in an ear, number of grains in a row, number of grains on one ear, length and diameter of an ear. If one structural element is insufficiently developed, the yield can be compensated by other components. Since individual elements of the structure are formed at different stages of organogenesis, different conditions are necessary for their successful development. The hybrids used in our research revealed peculiarities in the formation of elements of the crop structure, depending on the timing of sowing and stand density. The sizes of the cobs that formed on the corn plants varied little under the influence of sowing dates and plant stand density, but were characteristic of a certain biotype. Studies have shown that all factors of the experiment affect the growth, development of plants and the formation of elements of the structure of the corn grain crop. According to the results of the measurements, it was established that the best indicators of all structural elements were observed for sowing hybrids of different maturity groups in the optimal period – the third decade of April. The highest values of all indicators were observed in the Olkani hybrid, which is explained by the genotypic features of this hybrid.

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1888-1900 D. Rácz, B. Gila, É. Horváth, Á. Illés and A. Széles
The efficiency of nitrogen stabilizer at different soil temperatures on the physiological development and productivity of maize (Zea mays L.)
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The efficiency of nitrogen stabilizer at different soil temperatures on the physiological development and productivity of maize (Zea mays L.)

D. Rácz¹, B. Gila², É. Horváth¹, Á. Illés¹ and A. Széles¹

¹University of Debrecen, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, Institute of Land Use, Technology and Regional Development, Böszörményi út 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
²University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
*Correspondence: racz.dalma@agr.unideb.hu

Abstract:

Nitrogen (N) stabilizer containing nitrapyrin inhibitor is responsible for slowing the activity of Nitrosomonas sp. bacteria down which oxidize ammonium to nitrite ions, thus, N-loss resulting from nitrate leaching can be reduced. Although prior studies have shown its effectiveness in the pre-sowing application in maize, considering that it disturbs the activity of Nitrosomonas bacteria which is the most intense between 25 °C and 30 °C, soil temperature may significantly influence the efficiency of nitrapyrin. Besides, nitrapyrin aims to enhance N-use efficiency in high N-demanding plants, such as maize, which demands N at the most during stalk elongation, which lays down the reason for its subsequent application. This study focuses on the efficiency of nitrapyrin at different soil temperatures and its impacts on the physiological development and productivity of maize. In a laboratory test, 10 °C, 15 °C, 20 °C, and 25 °C temperature soils were treated with nitrapyrin and change of nitrate content was monitored to observe the nitrification dynamic. Results show that as the soil temperature elevated, the inhibition efficiency increased. In a field experiment with maize, nitrapyrin was applied in 13 °C and 25 °C temperature soil. Results suggest the later treatment enhanced N-use efficiency, as, during the high N-demanding growth stage, more N-forms were available in the soil. This resulted in significantly higher relative chlorophyll concentration in the leaves and laboratory leaf analysis confirmed the prevention of N deficiency. Results of further measurements on parameters indicating biomass production such as root mass, stalk diameter, ear size, 1,000-kernel weight indicate that the nitrapyrin application should be timed later.

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177–182 V.A. Mazur, H.V. Pantsyreva, K.V. Mazur, R.O. Myalkovsky and O.O. Alekseev
Agroecological prospects of using corn hybrids for biogas production
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Agroecological prospects of using corn hybrids for biogas production

V.A. Mazur¹, H.V. Pantsyreva¹*, K.V. Mazur¹, R.O. Myalkovsky² and O.O. Alekseev¹

¹Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, 3, Soniachna Str., UA21008 Vinnytsia, Ukraine
²State Agrarian and Engineering University, 13, Shevchenko Str., UA32300 Kamianets-Podilskyi, Ukraine
*Correspondence: pantsyreva@vsau.vin.ua

Abstract:

Ukraine is an agricultural country with great agricultural potential for biogas production, which is the key to fertile soils and favorable climatic conditions for energy crops, including corn. The article analyzes the experience of using biogas in Ukraine and the world, its mechanism of production. The leader in biogas production in the world is the European Union in general and Germany in particular. The total number of biogas plants in Europe exceeds 11 thousand, of which 7.2 thousand in Germany. Іnstalled biogas, which is released in the process of complex fermentation of organic waste, consists of a mixture of gases: methane – 55–75%, carbon dioxide – 23–33%, hydrogen sulfide – 7%. An important sector of renewable energy sources in biogas production is presented and the prospects for its use are determined. The energy dependence of our country on the volumes of imported natural gas is analyzed. The main aspects of biogas production are explored using renewable energy sources that are inexhaustible in our crane and the phased operation of the biogas plant is investigated. The real advantages of the need for biogas production and use in our country are outlined. Problems aimed at the development of alternative energy have been proved in order to detect environmental pollution. It has been established that in Ukraine the use of corn silage to improve the efficiency of biogas production at existing biogas stations has not been used so far. The problems of increasing the yield of corn plants have been proved not only by breeding and genetic methods, but also by cultivation technology.

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202-211 Xu Ma, R.H. Driscoll and G. Srzednicki
Development of in-store dryer model for corn for varying inlet conditions
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Development of in-store dryer model for corn for varying inlet conditions

Xu Ma, R.H. Driscoll and G. Srzednicki*

UNSW Australia, School of Chemical Engineering, Sydney NSW 2032 Australia;
*Correspondence: g.srzednicki@unsw.edu.au

Abstract:

Many thin layer drying models have been developed for constant inlet conditions. During deep bed drying, drying air conditions vary with position in the bed and also vary with time, so models developed for thin layers under constant conditions are not valid for deep bed drying analysis. A new thin layer drying rate model (called the two-layer model) is presented which allows for varying air conditions. The model was applied to corn by retro-fitting the model to Page’s mode as fitted by Li and Morey (1984). The model was then incorporated into a deep bed simulation, and the results compared with pilot plant drying data. During drying experiments, constant air conditions and varying air conditions were both tested. For constant conditions, all models gave reasonable agreement, but for varying drying conditions, the diffusion model showed an ability to respond better to changes.

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