Tag Archives: emissions.

303-310 T. Ivanova, M. Kaválek,, B. Havrland, M. Kolaříková and P. Skopec
Comparison of technologic parameters of pellets and other solid fuels produced from various raw materials
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Comparison of technologic parameters of pellets and other solid fuels produced from various raw materials

T. Ivanova¹, M. Kaválek¹,*, B. Havrland¹, M. Kolaříková¹ and P. Skopec²

¹Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Kamycka 129, CZ16521 Prague 6 – Suchdol, Czech Republic
²Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Zikova 1903/4, CZ16636 Prague 6, Czech Republic *Correspondence: michal.kavalek@seznam.cz

Abstract:

The article relates results of experiments and problem studies, the main goal of which was comparing four alternatives of solid biofuels suitable for heating private houses by low-power boilers. The results were obtained by burning of selected biofuels in an automatic pellet boiler specifically designed for combustion of pelletized fuels with high ash content. The emissions were set up related to the mass of burnt fuels and to the fuels’ net calorific value (specific emissions), they were measured and analysed. Based on the emission concentration measurements and stoichiometric calculations, the fuel gas emissions’ properties and boiler efficiency were compared at a range of power outputs of 7.5 kW, 12.5 kW and 18.5 kW. With regard to fuel properties and boiler outputs, the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) were determined as well as emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) were measured and compared too. The results permitted to formulate conclusions that the wood pellets were having the lowest values of measured emissions, whereby Jatropha seed cakes showed several times higher emissions in comparison with emissions from wood pellets, oil palm shells and wheat straw pellets, where the last one is a typical representative of the agricultural biomass with relatively high nitrogen content and as was shown higher emissions of NOX as compared to wood pellets. Oil palm shells measured emissions were relatively similar to wood pellets emissions, especially concerning emissions of SO2 and CO. All tested materials were having very low combustible sulphur contents and therefore the specific SO2 emissions were negligible at all these fuels. A very important finding was that the amount of emissions was dependent on boiler output, where with the output decreasing the amount of emissions was growing. The other linkage – dependence of the boiler efficiency on power output was also proved in the present paper.

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511-519 K. Kļaviņa, K. Kārkliņa and D. Blumberga
Charcoal production environmental performance
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Charcoal production environmental performance

K. Kļaviņa*, K. Kārkliņa and D. Blumberga

Riga Technical University, Faculty of Power and Electrical Engineering, Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Āzenes st. 12/1-616, LV1048 Riga, Latvia; *Correspondence: krista.klavina@rtu.lv

Abstract:

Charcoal is a well-known material obtained through thermal conversion of different types of biomass in an anoxic environment. The greatest share of the overall charcoal amount is produced in inefficient batch pyrolysis chambers. Thus contribution in an in-depth charcoal production process research for process optimization is of great importance. In this study an industrial experiment of charcoal production in a continuous up-to-date retort is performed. The selected industrial object has a high level of automation and process control. The retort is connected to a continuous monitoring system that records and stores the process parameter values. Apart from the process control parameter measurements attention has to be paid to the charcoal production plant pollution as this industry often gets contradictory attention towards its environmental performance. The air pollution is evaluated by air quality measurements at the production facility site. The obtained experimental results from an industrial facility with a state-of-the-art technology give an opportunity to evaluate the potential of the charcoal industry to be a sustainable player in the renewable energy market.

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333-340 V. Hönig, M. Kotek and J. Mařík
Use of butanol as a fuel for internal combustion engines
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Use of butanol as a fuel for internal combustion engines

V. Hönig¹*, M. Kotek² and J. Mařík²

¹Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, CULS-Czech University of Life SciencesPrague,Kamycka129,16521,Prague 6,CzechRepublic;
*Correspondence: honig@af.czu.cz
²Faculty of Engineering, CULS-Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 16521, Prague 6, Czech Republic

Abstract:

Abstract: Currently, the focus of the research and development is devoted to the wider use of fuels of plant origin focused on the possibility of producing a higher quality and use of motor fuel other than bioethanol. BioButanol is thus not only a promising alternative fuel for gasoline, but also a possible replacement for bioethanol as a fuel for internal combustion engines for transportation. Butanol can be produced virtually with the same ingredients as bioethanol, but in terms of fuel property, it is a preferable alternative to bioethanol. The efficient technology for its production by direct fermentation of simple sugars by fermentation, enzymatic hydrolysis or modified polysaccharides is currently the subject of intensive research work. The paper presents fuel properties of butanol and simultaneously compared with the properties of gasoline and bioethanol. It also specifies the advantages and disadvantages of its use both in mixtures and in its pure form. The article also reviews the experimental analysis of emissions in the driving cycle fuel consumption of butanol. Mixtures of butanol – gasoline 5%, 30%, 50%, 85% and 100% were selected as a fuel without further additions as compared to the automotive gasoline and ethanolic E85. Switching to fuel based butanol in FFVs is not a technical problem, particularly based on the comparison with its demonstrable benefits over bioethanol. The development of renewable sources of carbohydrates from agricultural crops butanol can also help reduce imports of petroleum fuels in support of agriculture, availability of drinking water and an increase employment in the region.

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359-366 J. Mařík, M. Pexa,, M. Kotek and V. Hönig
Comparison of the effect of gasoline – ethanol E85 – butanol on the performance and emission characteristics of the engine Saab 9-5 2.3 l turbo
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Comparison of the effect of gasoline – ethanol E85 – butanol on the performance and emission characteristics of the engine Saab 9-5 2.3 l turbo

J. Mařík¹, M. Pexa¹,*, M. Kotek¹ and V. Hönig²

¹Faculty of Engineering, CULS-Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic; *Correspondence: pexa@tf.czu.cz 2Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, CULS-Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic

Abstract:

Due to the increasing environmental demands of the European Union for reducing emissions, it is necessary to utilize biofuels at the expense of the conventional fossil fuel BA95. Biofuels in spark-ignition engines usually use ethanol at a ratio of up to 85% to 15% of the conventional fuel BA95. Such a fuel is known as E85. Butanol also has very similar properties to ethanol. Ethanol is a higher alcohol. For comparison, ethanol and butanol fuels with conventional fuels were chosen for the vehicle Saab 9-5, turbo-charged 2.3l. This vehicle is completely adapted to operation on ethanol fuel (broad adaptation control unit, suitable sealing elements, fuel pump, etc.). The engine performance and emissions were monitored when operating on these fuels as compared to the conventional fuels BA95. It can be stated that the engine reached higher performance parameters when operating on ethanol and butanol fuels. This is due to the fact that the control unit increases the fuel supply during operation on biofuels (lower calorific value of fuel). There is no lean combustion and the possible damage to the engine during long-term operation. From the perspective of bootable showing, butanol fuel has worse parameters compared to ethanol fuel and conventional fuels.

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623-632 V. Suzdalenko, M. Gedrovics, Vigants E. and L. Lieplapa
Integrated analysis of biomass co-firing with gaseous fossil fuel. Environmental criteria analysis
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Integrated analysis of biomass co-firing with gaseous fossil fuel. Environmental criteria analysis

V. Suzdalenko*, M. Gedrovics, Vigants E. and L. Lieplapa

Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University, Kronvalda boulevard 1, LV-1010, Riga, Latvia; *Correspondence: Vera.Suzdalenko@rtu.lv

Abstract:

The goal of the research described in the paper is to study co-firing of wood pellets and gaseous fossil fuel, evaluating the influence of co-firing on efficiency, produced energy volumes, and emission production. In order to achieve the set aim and objectives a special pilot device for wood pellets and propane/butane co-firing was constructed in an accredited laboratory. The results of the experimental research allow running a complete analysis of co-firing and evaluating the influence of magnetic field on efficiency, produced heat energy volumes, and emission production. The research has a high practical significance and is aimed to increase the level of wood biomass use for energy production as well as to ensure its effective application.

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