Tag Archives: ethanol

1419-1426 J. Vošahlík
IoT and measurement of fermentation process of rice wine
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IoT and measurement of fermentation process of rice wine

J. Vošahlík*

Faculty of Engineering, Department of Technological Equipment of Buildings, Kamýcká 129, Prague, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
*Correspondence: vosahlik@rektorat.czu.cz

Abstract:

The article deals with the fermentation process of rice wine and obtaining data during fermentation with the help of IoT, developed and implemented stirrer. Stirrer was printed by 3D printer. The process of converting
D-glucose into ethanol together with the oxidation of reduced coenzymes is called fermentation. Ethanol fermentation takes place anaerobically, i.e., without access to air with the help of yeast. The fermentation process is gradually being improved with the help of acquired sensor data and the gradual possibility of automation. The main objective of this paper is to develop an experimental environment for measuring rice wine fermentation processes with the help of IoT. During the fermentation of rice wine, there are measurable attributes that can be measured with the help of sensors. These attributes affecting the final product quality, positively but also negatively (pH, temperature, humidity, etc.). It is therefore necessary to select a given sensor that can monitor the attributes and then devices that can then manage and evaluate it. the correct selection and use of sensors and computing equipment, the acquisition and processing of data and the application of the resulting values to fermentation procedures, the resulting product quality increases.

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868–876 C. Nuortila, S. Heikkilä, R. Help, H. Suopanki, K. Sirviö and S. Niemi
Effects of storage on the properties of rapeseed oil and alcohol blends
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Effects of storage on the properties of rapeseed oil and alcohol blends

C. Nuortila*, S. Heikkilä, R. Help, H. Suopanki, K. Sirviö and S. Niemi

University of Vaasa, School of Technology and Innovations, P.O. Box 700, FIN-65101 Vaasa, Finland
*Correspondence: carolin.nuortila@univaasa.fi

Abstract:

Kinematic viscosity and density are important fuel properties because they influence fuel atomisation during injection into the engine cylinder. The viscosity and density of neat vegetable oils usually are too high to allow optimal use of these oils in compression ignition engines. Blending vegetable oils with alcohols can improve these properties, but it is not known whether the blend properties remain stable during storage. This study measured kinematic viscosity (at 40 °C), density (at 15 °C) and surface tension of rapeseed oil-alcohol blends that had been stored in closed borosilicate glass bottles at room temperature in the dark for 49 weeks. The values were compared with those of the fresh blends. Further measurements of oxidation stability for the rapeseed oil and the blends were taken after 72 weeks of storage. The blends consisted of rapeseed oil with ethanol at 5 vol–%, and rapeseed oil with 1–butanol at 5 vol–%, 10 vol–%, 20 vol–% and 30 vol–%. All in all, the observed changes during storage were small. Density values deviated by less than 1%, surface tension by no more than 3% and kinematic viscosity differed from the fresh blends’ values by 1% to 8%. Surface tension had increased in some blends and decreased in others. Kinematic viscosity rose in all blends, with the smallest increase measured for the rapeseed oil–butanol 30 vol–% blend. This blend also showed the best oxidation stability, which was close to six hours.

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720–728 O. Bolotnikova,, J. Bazarnova, E. Aronova and T. Bolotnikova
Study of transhydrogenase systems features in the mutants of the yeast pachysolen tannophilus for the production of ethanol and xylitol from agricultural wastes
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Study of transhydrogenase systems features in the mutants of the yeast pachysolen tannophilus for the production of ethanol and xylitol from agricultural wastes

O. Bolotnikova¹,², J. Bazarnova², E. Aronova² and T. Bolotnikova²

¹Petrozavodsk State University, Institute of Medicine, Department of
biomedical chemistry, immunology and laboratory diagnostics, Lenina Str., 33,
RU 185910 Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia, Russia
²Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Graduate school of biotechnology and food science, Polytechnicheskaya Srt., 29, RU 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia

Abstract:

The key catabolic enzymes of D-xylose, an important structural component of different agricultural wastes, were studied in cells of mutant strains of the xylose-assimilating yeast Pachysolen tannophilus. The evaluation of catalytic activity and cofactor specificity of xylose reductase (ЕС 1.1.1.307) and xylitol dehydrogenase (ЕС 1.1.1.9) confirmed the dependence of intracellular catabolic pathway for D-xy lose on the NAD×H/NADP×H ratio, formed under microaerobic conditions. The study of total activity of some NAD+/NAP×H-dependent dehydrogenases revealed the metabolic characteristics of the yeast cells, which could ensure selective ethanol or xylitol production. Thus, the efficient involvement of D-xylose into the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway provided not only the high activities of xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase, but also of 1-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8) and lactate dehydrogenase (ЕС 1.1.1.27), respectively. The inhibition of activity of these enzymes led to selective production of xylitol from D-xylose. On the base of the experimental results, the principles of metabolic engineering of xylose-assimilating yeasts were formulated. The possibility of bioethanol and xylitol production from different agricultural wastes using xyloseassimilating
yeasts are discussed.

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1498–1515 L.A. Souza, F.C. Silva, A.C.L. Maria, A.L. Belem, D. Cecchin and M.M. Barros
Response surface for biodiesel production from soybean oil by ethylic route
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Response surface for biodiesel production from soybean oil by ethylic route

L.A. Souza¹, F.C. Silva¹*, A.C.L. Maria¹, A.L. Belem¹, D. Cecchin¹ and M.M. Barros²

¹Federal Fluminense University, Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Department, 156 Rua Passos da Pátria 156, bloco D, sala 235, 24210-240, Niterói, Brasil
²Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Engineering Department, Rodovia BR 465, Km 07, s/n Zona Rural, 23890-000, Seropédica, Brasil
*Correspondence: flaviocastro@id.uff.br

Abstract:

Petroleum has been the most consumed energy source in the world, but it tends to run out due its non-renewable character. Among biofuels, biodiesel has emerged as the main candidate to substitute petroleum diesel. The present study aimed to identify the maximum yield point of biodiesel production by generating a response surface using molar ratio, temperature and agitation time as independent variables, and yield as a dependent variable. From the response surface, it is observed that the increase in temperature and reaction time leads to reduced yield. The configuration that resulted in maximum yield of 93.30% was 12:1 molar ratio, 30 °C temperature and 30-minute reaction time. From the chromatographic analysis it was possible to identify five different fatty acids in the composition of the biodiesels. Total saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acids) ranged from 41.53% to 42.09% and total unsaturated fatty acids including monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids) ranged from 57.92% to 58.48%. According to the results of the physicochemical analyses, the specific mass at 68 °F is in agreement with Brazilian, American and European specifications, ranging from 877.46 kg m-3 to 879.64 kg m-3. The kinematic viscosity at 104 °F ranged from 4.49 mm² s-1 to 4.82 mm² s-1. The acid value obtained did not vary within the limits established by the norms, and values between 0.54 and 2.74 mg KOH g-1 were observed.

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359-366 J. Mařík, M. Pexa,, M. Kotek and V. Hönig
Comparison of the effect of gasoline – ethanol E85 – butanol on the performance and emission characteristics of the engine Saab 9-5 2.3 l turbo
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Comparison of the effect of gasoline – ethanol E85 – butanol on the performance and emission characteristics of the engine Saab 9-5 2.3 l turbo

J. Mařík¹, M. Pexa¹,*, M. Kotek¹ and V. Hönig²

¹Faculty of Engineering, CULS-Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic; *Correspondence: pexa@tf.czu.cz 2Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, CULS-Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic

Abstract:

Due to the increasing environmental demands of the European Union for reducing emissions, it is necessary to utilize biofuels at the expense of the conventional fossil fuel BA95. Biofuels in spark-ignition engines usually use ethanol at a ratio of up to 85% to 15% of the conventional fuel BA95. Such a fuel is known as E85. Butanol also has very similar properties to ethanol. Ethanol is a higher alcohol. For comparison, ethanol and butanol fuels with conventional fuels were chosen for the vehicle Saab 9-5, turbo-charged 2.3l. This vehicle is completely adapted to operation on ethanol fuel (broad adaptation control unit, suitable sealing elements, fuel pump, etc.). The engine performance and emissions were monitored when operating on these fuels as compared to the conventional fuels BA95. It can be stated that the engine reached higher performance parameters when operating on ethanol and butanol fuels. This is due to the fact that the control unit increases the fuel supply during operation on biofuels (lower calorific value of fuel). There is no lean combustion and the possible damage to the engine during long-term operation. From the perspective of bootable showing, butanol fuel has worse parameters compared to ethanol fuel and conventional fuels.

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205-214 V. Pirs and M. Gailis
Research in use of fuel conversion adapters in automobiles running on bioethanol and gasoline mixtures
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Research in use of fuel conversion adapters in automobiles running on bioethanol and gasoline mixtures

V. Pirs* and M. Gailis

Motor Vehicle Institute, Faculty of Engineering, Latvia University of Agriculture,
⁵ Janis Caksteboulevard,LV-3001,Jelgava,Latvia;
*Correspondence: vilnis.pirs@llu

Abstract:

By using fuel conversion adapters, bioethanol and gasoline mixture (E85) can be used in automobiles which are designed to work with fossil fuel. Such adapters increase the amount of the injected fuel, by adjusting the opening time of injectors. Different fuel conversion adapters are available in various automobile markets, for instance, European and North American. The working principles and efficiency of usage of fuel conversion adapters are little researched and there is a lack of scientific studies in this area. The aim of this research is to explore the working properties, efficiency of usage and influence on automobile operational parameters of two different fuel conversion adapters. The authors found a significant difference in the design approach regarding availability of functions, working and regulation principles between different conversion adapters. The increase of the amount of the injected fuel is realised by prolonging of the original injector opening impulse or by generating an additional impulse. Both conversion adapters, subjected to tests, increased the amount of the injected fuel during cold start conditions. During full load conditions, full capacity of fuel injectors was reached and no further enrichment of air/fuel mixture was possible. The findings of the research can be useful for selection of a suitable fuel conversion adapter and providing guidance for designing of better adapters.

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149-155 A. Menind, L. Oper, M. Hovi, J. Kers, M. Tutt and T. Kikas
Pretreatment and usage of pulp and paper industry residues for fuels production and their energetic potential
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Pretreatment and usage of pulp and paper industry residues for fuels production and their energetic potential

A. Menind¹, L. Oper², M. Hovi¹, J. Kers³, M. Tutt¹ and T. Kikas¹

¹Institute of Technology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56,
EE51014 Tartu, Estonia; e-mail: andres.menind@emu.ee
²Institute of Economics and Social Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences,
Kreutzwaldi 1, EE51014 Tartu, Estonia; e-mail: liis.oper@emu.ee
³Department of Polymer Materials, Tallinn University of Technology;
e-mail: jaan.kers@ttu.ee

Abstract:

This paper gives an overview about Pulp and Paper Industry (PPI) residues, their properties and some solutions for converting those materials into fuels. The main leftovers are bark, sludge of aerobic digestion, primary floto sediment (PFS) and pulp rejects (PR). PFS and PR after applying dewatering (press fluids) have considerable biogas potential. Bark and press cake of PR are a good resource for briquetting. Ethanol potentials of bark and PR cake are presented.

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