Tag Archives: maize

644-653 M. Änäkkälä, A. Lehtilä, P.S.A. Mäkelä and A. Lajunen
Application of UAV multispectral imaging for determining the characteristics of maize vegetation
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Application of UAV multispectral imaging for determining the characteristics of maize vegetation

M. Änäkkälä¹*, A. Lehtilä²³, P.S.A. Mäkelä⁴ and A. Lajunen¹

¹University of Helsinki, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Koetilantie 5, FI00790 Helsinki, Finland
²Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI00790 Helsinki, Finland
³University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Sciences (HELSUS), Yliopistonkatu 4, FI00100 Helsinki, Finland
⁴University of Helsinki, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Latokartanonkaari 5, FI00790 Helsinki, Finland
*Correspondence: mikael.anakkala@helsinki.fi

Abstract:

Interest in forage maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation for livestock feed has grown in northern conditions. In addition, it is important to develop methods and tools to monitor crop development and other characteristics of the crop. For these purposes UAVs are very efficient and versatile tools. UAVs can be equipped with a variety of sensors like lidar or different types of cameras. Several studies have been conducted where data collected by UAVs are used to estimate different crop properties like yield and biomass. In this research, a forage maize field experiment was studied to examine how well the aerial multispectral data correlated with the different properties of the vegetation. The field test site is located in Helsinki, Finland. A multispectral camera (MicaSense Rededge 3) was used to take images from five spectral bands (Red, Green, Blue, Rededge and NIR). All the images were processed with Pix4D software to generate orthomosaic images. Several vegetation indices were calculated from the five spectral bands. During the growing season, crop height, chlorophyll content, leaf area index (LAI), fresh and dry matter biomass were measured from the vegetation. From the five spectral bands, Rededge had the highest correlation with fresh biomass (R² = 0.273). The highest correlation for a vegetation index was found between NDRE and chlorophyll content (R² = 0.809). A multiple linear regression (MLR) model using selected spectral bands and vegetation indices as inputs showed high correlations with the field measurements.

Key words:

agriculture., maize, multispectral images, UAV, vegetation index

156-174 M. Kolesnikov, T. Gerasko, Yu. Paschenko, L. Pokoptseva, O. Onyschenko and A. Kolesnikova
Effect of water deficit on maize seeds (Zea mays L.) during germination
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Effect of water deficit on maize seeds (Zea mays L.) during germination

M. Kolesnikov¹, T. Gerasko¹, Yu. Paschenko¹, L. Pokoptseva¹, O. Onyschenko¹ and A. Kolesnikova²*

¹Dmytro Motornyi Tavria State Agrotechnological University, Agrotechnology and Ecology Faculty, Department of crop production and horticulture, 226 Soborny Avenue, UA69006 Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine
²Charles University, Ovocný trh 560/5, CZ11636 Prague 1, Czech Republic
*Correspondence: maksym.kolesnikov@tsatu.edu.ua

Abstract:

Global climate changes cause the frequent recurrence of droughts, which reduce crop production more than any other environmental factor. This study was conducted to access the effect of water deficit on maize seeds (Zea mays L.) DKC 5143 hybrid during germination. The tasks were to assess the influence of different rank of osmotic stress on the maize lipid peroxidation (LPO), proline content, catalase and aminotransferases activities, and morphometric parameters during the early stages of maize seeds germination. The maize seeds were exposed to five levels of water availability which produced by PEG-1500 solutions (0, 20, 50, 100, 200 g L^‑1). Seeds of maize were germinated on Petri dishes for 7 days under controlled parameters. Amounts of TBARS were increased in maize sprouted seeds by 1.9 times, coleoptiles by 1.4 times, and in roots – by 1.9 times under water deficit. Proline content increased by 9.2 times in coleoptiles and by 6.0 times in 7 days maize roots while PEG-1500 (200 g L^–1) treatment. An increasing of catalase (CAT), aminotransferases (ALT, AST) activities according to osmotic potential value was also observed. A remarkable development of maize oxidative reaction was associated with a significant reduction in emergence, wet weight and length of water-stressed plants. These results assume that the maize adaptive strategy to osmotic stress during germination was found in the activation of LPO and antioxidant components. The findings provide useful help for correcting the stress state of maize using osmotically active regulators.

Key words:

aminotransferases, catalase, drought, germination, lipid peroxidation, maize, osmotic stress, proline

2013-2025 A. Széles, É. Horváth, D. Rácz, L. Dúzs, Cs. Bojtor and L. Huzsvai
Development of stomatal conductance of maize under moderately hot, dry production conditions
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Development of stomatal conductance of maize under moderately hot, dry production conditions

A. Széles¹, É. Horváth¹*, D. Rácz¹, L. Dúzs¹, Cs. Bojtor¹ and L. Huzsvai²

¹University of Debrecen, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental
Management, Institute for Land Utilisation, Technology and Regional Development,
Böszörményi street 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
²University of Debrecen, Faculty of Economics and Business, Institute of Statistics and
Methodology, Böszörményi street 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
*Correspondence: szelesa@agr.unideb.hu

Abstract:

A field trial was conducted in Hungary, in a moderately warm, dry production area to determine the effect of single or split application of N-fertilizer on the stomatal conductance and grain yield of maize. The measurements were performed at on calcareous chernozem soil, in a strip field trial, under different weather conditions (2019 and 2020). In addition to the unfertilized control (A0) treatment, 60 (A60) and 120 kg N ha^-1 (A120) applied as spring basal fertilizer were followed by two top-dressing treatments in V6 (A90) and V12 (A120) phenophases with doses of +30 and +30 kg N ha^-1, respectively. Stomatal conductance measurements were taken at V6, V12 and R1 phenological phases. It was found that stomatal conductance showed a decreasing trend with advancing phenological phases in both years, with 43.9% and 32.1% (P < 0.001; P < 0.01) decreases by the R1 phase, respectively. Application of higher doses of N fertilizer increased stomatal conductance, with the exception of the R1 phenological phase, which showed a decrease compared to the A0 treatment. The decrease in 2019 was caused by a reduction of soil moisture. Although there was sufficient water in the soil in 2020, due to the intermittent water shortages caused by but the large leaf area and rapid transpiration of the plants resulted in the stomata to close. The best fertilisation strategy was A60 and A120 kg ha^-1 depending on the crop year. The study showed that the highest yield is obtained when the average stomatal conductance is around 250 mmol m^-2 s^-1 during the growing season.

Key words:

fertilization, maize, stomatal conductance

423–433 Kh.H.M. Ibrahim, L, Wang, Q. Wu, Y. Duan, Ch. Ma and S. Zhang
Soil Phosphorus management based on changes in Olsen P and P budget under long- term fertilization experiment in fluvo-aquic soil
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Soil Phosphorus management based on changes in Olsen P and P budget under long- term fertilization experiment in fluvo-aquic soil

Kh.H.M. Ibrahim¹², L, Wang¹, Q. Wu¹, Y. Duan¹, Ch. Ma³ and S. Zhang¹*

¹Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
²Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC), Wad Medani 126, Sudan
³The Center of Extending and Service of Agricultural Technique in China, Beijing 100026, China
*Correspondence: zhangshuxiang@caas.cn

Abstract:

Excessive input of phosphorus (P) in agricultural production and its finite resources is becoming a global concern for sustainable P management. In this study, the annual P input and output were calculated in 27 Fluvo-aquic soil sites of wheat and maize agriculture cropping system in Henan province central-east of China during the period from 1998 to 2016, to quantify soil Olsen P (OP) levels and P budget at the experimental sites and calculate the optimum P fertilizer application. The maize and wheat (Triticum aestivum) recorded 14.2 and 13.6 mg kg^-1 respectively. The change in soil OP was positively linearly correlated with the P budget (P < 0.01), and an increase of 2.8 mg kg^-1in soil Olsen P for each 100 kg ha^-1 of P budget in the 0–20 cm soil layer. Based on ACV of soil OP with P budget and the critical level of soil OP to ACV in the study area for the next five years, the recommended rate model of soil OP for maize and wheat in the study area was determined. The application amount of P fertilizer ought to be in the range of 64–85 kg P ha^-1. This information can help to optimize crop yield, reduce the accumulation of P in soil, and reduce the potential risk of water pollution. More research is needed about the main factors influence on P available (OP).

Key words:

agronomic critical value, maize, Olsen P, P budget, P fertilizer, wheat

33-40 J. Barwicki, S. Gach, K. Koprysz, S. Ivanovs, A. Adamovicsand O. Valainis
Technical and economical analysis of harvesting and ensilaging of corn grain
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Technical and economical analysis of harvesting and ensilaging of corn grain

J. Barwicki¹, S. Gach², K. Koprysz², S. Ivanovs³⋅*, A. Adamovics³and O. Valainis³

¹Institute of Technology and Life Sciences in Falenty, Warsaw Branch, Warsaw, Poland 2Department of Production Engineering, Warsaw Agricultural University – SGGW, Warsaw, Poland 3Latvia University of Agriculture, Research Institute of Agricultural Machinery, Ulbroka, Latvia; *Correspondence: semjons@apollo.lv

Abstract:

Elaborated test results concerning two technologies of corn grain harvesting using grain harvesters. One technology called ZKP was using a mill crusher unit with direct filling system of a plastic bag and the other one was using a mill crusher connected to a silo press and was called ZKG. Provided research and calculations enabled evaluation of the values of critical coefficients, which were the following: unitary fuel consumption and unitary labour cost requirement. Because of different corn grain yields, these values referred to a unitary area of crop and also unitary mass of corn grain. It has been proved that the total costs of harvesting and conservation of corn grain with the technology ZKP equalled 321.83 € ha-1, but the same costs with the technology ZKG equalled 245.69 € ha-1. However, when taking into consideration the unitary mass of harvested grain, lower costs appeared with the technology ZKP at the value 21.89 € t–1 compared to the 31.02 € t–1 for the technology ZKG.

Key words:

costs, fuel consumption, grain ensilaging, harvesting, harvesting technology, labor, maize, plastic bag, transportation

129-132 O. Auškalnienė and A. Auškalnis
Effect of sulfonylurea herbicides on weeds and maize
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Effect of sulfonylurea herbicides on weeds and maize

O. Auškalnienė and A. Auškalnis

Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture, Instituto aleja 1 Akademija, LT-58344 - Kedainiai distr.,Lithuania; e-mail: ona@lzi.lt, albinas@lzi.lt

Abstract:

Three field experiments, designed to test the new sulfonylurea group herbicides, were conducted in maize crops during 2002–2003 at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture in Central Lithuania.The weed species differed between fields. The most frequent weed species in maize standswere Elytrigia repens, and Chenopodium album. The efficacy of tested herbicides against Chenopodium album, Echinocloa crus – galli differed in relation to active ingredients. Rimsulfuron-methyl and nicosulfuron-methyl were effective against Echinochloa crus – galli; primisulfuron-methyl did not have any effect on this weed species. Nicosulfuron – methyl and primisulfuron-methyl were effective against Chenopodium album, however, rimisulfuron methyl did not control that weed as effectively.The green matter yield of maize in treated plots was 1–18.4 t ha-1 higher than in theuntreated.

Key words:

herbicide post- emergence application, maize, sulfonylurea, weeds

483-492 L. Baležentienė and S. Mikulionienė
Chemical composition of galega mixtures silages
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Chemical composition of galega mixtures silages

L. Baležentienė and S. Mikulionienė

Lithuanian University of Agriculture, Studentų 11, LT-4324, Akademija, Kaunas distr.,Lithuania; e-mail: ligita.balezentiene@ lzuu.lt

Abstract:

A b s t r a c t . According to the near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy data, the chemical composition of fodder galega (Galega orientalis Lam.) is more valuable forage than traditional fodder plants such as the red clover and timothy at budding-early flowering stage. Due to the high concentration of total protein (231 g kg-1) and some amino acids (asp, glu, phenylala), galega fresh mass could be used as a substitute for the soybean cake for 1.4–2.9 kg equivalent amounts. The mean of asp, glu and phenylala content in galega DM constitutes 68.22–56.37 % of their concentration in soybean cake. The high total protein concentration of fodder galega which was determined indicated that this crop could be used for increasing the protein content of livestock rations and successfully replace soybean cake, which is imported and expensive.For supplying livestock with succulent forage during the year and for producing highquality silage, galega mixtures with grasses containing many water-soluble carbohydrates could be ensiled. Possibilities of ensiling mixtures of early flowering stage fodder galega (1:1) with orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), wheat grass (Elytrigia repens L.), milk stage maize and sugar beet leaves were studied at Research Station and Training Farm of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. The addition of 0.3% FPC to galega-maize silage had no significant influence on DM (225 and 214 g kg-1), mineral element concentration and pH value (4.7 and 4.4) as compared to galega-maize silage without preservatives. The results of ensiling indicate that the quality of pure galega and galega-wheat grass silage was poor quality due to an unbalanced ratio of protein and water-soluble carbohydrates. Fodder galega appears suitable for ensiling with a grass component (orchardgrass, timothy or maize) which accumulated not less than 30% DM.

Key words:

chemical composition, galega, grasses, maize, silage, sugar beet