Tag Archives: soil

484-494 I. Malynovska, V. Bulgakov and A. Rucins
Investigation of microbiological processes during long-term storage of grey forest soil samples
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Investigation of microbiological processes during long-term storage of grey forest soil samples

I. Malynovska¹, V. Bulgakov² and A. Rucins³*

¹National Scientific Centre, Institute of Agriculture of NAAS of Ukraine, 2 b, Mashinobudivnikiv Str., Chabany vil., Kyiv- Svyatoshin Dist., UA08162 Kyiv Region, Ukraine
²National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine,
15 Heroiv Oborony Str., UA03041 Kyiv, Ukraine
³Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Institute of Engineering and Energetics, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, Ulbroka Research Centre, 1 Instituta Street, Ulbroka, Ropazu Region, Stopinu Municipality, LV2130 Latvia
*Correspondence: adolfs.rucins@lbtu.lv

Abstract:

Investigation of a decrease in the viability of microorganism cells in the soil samples, stored for a long time in an air-dry state, has both theoretical and practical significance since in agrochemistry and the soil science it is a custom to store the soil samples for many years and decades, taking it as an axiom that the properties of these samples remain unchanged. To find out what are the patterns of survival of microorganisms of various ecological-trophic, functional and systematic groups, their viability was studied in samples of gray forest soil, stored for 32 months in an air-dry state. It has been shown that the number of microorganisms of most groups decreases by 42–94 times, the number of polysaccharides-synthesizing microorganisms decreases maximum- by 3,993–18,210 times, depending on the agricultural practices, used in a stationary experiment. the number of spores and cysts decreases. The microorganisms which have the least decrease in the number of colony-forming units of micromycetes and Azotobacter as groups that have forms of surviving unfavourable conditions during storage are spores and cysts. In addition, the physiological and biochemical activity of micromycetes decreases significantly, compared to their activity in the original (initial) fresh soil. During storage the number and share in the total number of melanin-synthesizing micromycetes sharply decreases from 65.8–94.6% to 2.48–5.17%. When storing soil in an air-dry state, the rate of decline in the number of microorganisms depends on the functional affiliation of the group and on agrotechnical techniques that were previously used in the stationary experiments: liming, application of mineral fertilizers, ploughing in the by-products of the predecessor crop in the crop rotation, and the biomass of the sideral crop. The organic matter, ploughed into the soil, promotes the survival of ammonifiers, mineral nitrogen immobilizers, Azotobacter and polysaccharide-synthesizing microorganisms. Ploughing in of crop by-products reduce the number and proportion of melanin-synthesizing micromycetes. Verification of the obtained data, using long-term stored soil samples, is not permissible since microbiological processes occur in the soil during which the soil microbiota consumes the macro- and microelements, present in it, organic and organomineral complexes, including humus.

Key words:

ammonifiers, Azotobacter, micromycetes, number, physiological and biochemical activity, soil, storage

190-206 L.G. Matevosyan, S.S. Harutyunyan, M.H. Galstyan, R.H. Osipova, A.T. Mkrtchyan, K.Sh. Sargsyan and R.R. Sadoyan
Balance and coefficients of usage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from the soil and fertilizers by tomatoes and peppers in the conditions of Ararat Plain of Armenia
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Balance and coefficients of usage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from the soil and fertilizers by tomatoes and peppers in the conditions of Ararat Plain of Armenia

L.G. Matevosyan, S.S. Harutyunyan*, M.H. Galstyan, R.H. Osipova, A.T. Mkrtchyan, K.Sh. Sargsyan and R.R. Sadoyan

Scientific Centre of Agriculture, Iss- Le- Mulino 1, AM 1101, Ejmiatsin, Armavir region, Armenia
*Correspondence: ss_harutyunyan@mail.ru

Abstract:

The aim of the research is to reveal the biological removal, balance and coefficient rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium use from soil, organo-mineral fertilizers and microbiological concentrates by tomato and sweet pepper in the conditions of Ararat Plain of Armenia. Field experiments were carried out in 2017–2019, on typical irrigated meadow brown soils in triplicate. It has been established that at tomato yields of 50–75 t ha^-1, the biological removal of nitrogen ranges from 110 (without fertilizers) to 178 kg ha^-1 (N₁₅₀P₈₀), P₂O₅: 61–89, K₂O₅: 166–289 kg ha^-1, and at pepper yields of 23–32 t ha^-1, respectively – 55–76, 38–49 and 77–106 kg ha^-1. Tomato utilization rates from the soil (unfertilized version) are: N: 118, P₂O₅: 37, K₂O: 8%, and the negative balances are respectively: 107, 67 and 109 kg ha^-1, similar data for pepper were recorded at: N: 59, P₂O₅: 23, K₂O: 4% and 52, 44, 20 kg ha^-1. From fertilizers, tomato absorbs 27–45% nitrogen, 11–48% P₂O₅ and 48–72% K₂O with negative balances (N: 15–55, P₂O₅: 14–76, K₂O: 34–79 kg ha^-1), in poultry litter the balance P₂O₅ = + 94.2 kg ha^-1. For pepper, however, these data were respectively amounted to: N: 6–14, P₂O₅: 10–15, K₂O: 9–20%, and the balances were positive. Microbiological concentrates (Azoto + phosphate Barvar) showed poor effectiveness as compared to organo-mineral fertilizers. It was also found that the lower the amount of a mobile element in the soil, or in the fertilizer dose, the higher its utilization rate and vice versa.

Key words:

balance, coefficients of usage, nitrogen, organo - mineral fertilizers, pepper, Phosphorus, potassium, soil, tomato

881-892 S. Zeipina, I. Alsina and L. Lepse
Influence of agroecological factors on biologically active compounds in globe artichoke heads
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Influence of agroecological factors on biologically active compounds in globe artichoke heads

S. Zeipina¹*, I. Alsina² and L. Lepse¹

¹Latvia University of Life Science and Technologies, Institute of Horticulture,
Graudu street 1, LV-3701 Dobele, Latvia
²Latvia University of Life Science and Technologies, Faculty of Agriculture,
Liela street 2, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia
*Correspondence: solvita.zeipina@llu.lv

Abstract:

The composition of biologically active compounds in plants depends on the climate and growing conditions, cultivar properties, plant development stage, harvesting time and other factors. The research aimed to evaluate the effect of agroecological factors on the composition of biologically active compounds in globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori) heads. The experiment was carried out under open field conditions in the Institute of Horticulture, in Pūre Research centre during the vegetation period of 2015 and 2016. The experiment was arranged in two different soils: brown soil with residual carbonates and the soil strongly altered by cultivation and used two types of seed treatment (without vernalisation, with vernalisation). The quality was evaluated at each harvest time during the all vegetation period. Significant influence of the tested factors on the biochemical content of heads was stated on the content of phenols (73–213 mg GAE 100 g^-1 fresh weight) and vitamin C in artichoke heads
(5–20 mg 100 g^-1 fresh weight). Pigments, flavonoids and antiradical activity was not significantly influenced by the tested factors. A slight tendency on producing a higher content of biologically active compounds in more harsh conditions was observed, particularly for phenols and flavonoids.

Key words:

Cynara cardunculus, flavonoids, Pigments, soil

785-792 P. Pysarenko, M. Samojlik, M. Galytska, Y. Tsova, A. Kalinichenko and M. Bąk
Ecotoxicological assessment of mineralized stratum water as an environmentally friendly substitute for agrochemicals
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Ecotoxicological assessment of mineralized stratum water as an environmentally friendly substitute for agrochemicals

P. Pysarenko¹, M. Samojlik¹, M. Galytska¹*, Y. Tsova¹, A. Kalinichenko²* and M. Bąk²

¹Poltava State Agrarian University, Educational and Scientific Institute of Agrotechnology, Breeding and Ecology, Department of Ecology, Sustainable Nature Management and Environmental Protection, 1/3 Skovorody Str., UA36003 Poltava, Ukraine
²University of Opole, Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Institute of Environmental Engineering and Biotehnology, 6 Komina Str., UA45-032 Opole, Poland
*Correspondence: maryna.galytska@pdaa.edu.ua; akalinichenko@uni.opole.pl

Abstract:

As a result of military operations on the territory of Ukraine, sown areas are reduced, the cost of plant protection products and fertilizers increases which emphasizes the problem of obtaining maximum yields from a smaller area of farmland. Given that a shortage of food grains can cause a global food crisis, research on the use of MSW as an environmentally friendly substitute for agrochemicals is relevant today. The aim of the research was to assess the ecotoxicological properties of MSW as an environmentally friendly substitute for synthetic agrochemicals. The impact of MSW as a fertilizer on soil chemical properties and assessment of MSW phytotoxicity as an herbicide for weeds and productivity of winter wheat were studied under field conditions. Toxicological assessment of MSW under laboratory conditions was carried out according to the following parameters: acute oral toxicity and resorptive-toxic effect of MSW. As a result of the assessment of MSW impact on soil chemical properties, it was found that significant soil acidification occurs only when MSW dose of more than 2,400 L ha^-1is used. The content of nitrates and oil products did not increase and there was no soil salinity when the MSW was used in doses of 300–1,200 L ha^-1. It was determined that the greatest decrease in weed plant biomass (85.5%) was observed when 100% concentration of MSW was used in a dose of 350 L ha^-1. As a consequence, with reduced weed infestation, there was a 21.5% increase in winter wheat yield if 100% MSW was used and a 19.1% increase if 75% MSW was used. As a result of the toxicological assessment of MSW, it was found that it belongs to low-toxic compounds. These results of ecotoxicological investigation of MSW make it possible to assert that its use is safe in agriculture, in particular as an environmentally safe organomineral fertilizer and herbicide.

Key words:

ecotoxicological assessment, mineralized stratum water, phytotoxicity, soil, winter wheat

1944-1961 V. Bulgakov, I. Holovach, Z. Ruzhylo, V. Melnik, Ye. Ihnatiev and J. Olt
Theoretical study on forced transverse oscillations of root in soil with provision for soil’s elastic and damping properties
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Theoretical study on forced transverse oscillations of root in soil with provision for soil’s elastic and damping properties

V. Bulgakov¹, I. Holovach¹, Z. Ruzhylo¹, V. Melnik², Ye. Ihnatiev² and J. Olt³*

¹National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 15 Heroyiv Oborony Str., UA 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine
²Dmytro Motornyi Tavria State Agrotechnological University, 18B Khmelnytsky Ave., UA 72310 Melitopol, Zaporozhye Region, Ukraine
³Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Technology, 56 Kreutzwaldi Str., EE 51006Tartu, Estonia
*Correspondence: jyri.olt@emu.ee

Abstract:

The topic of the paper is the theory of the forced transverse oscillations performed by the root fixed in the soil under the action of the harmonic perturbing force vectored at right angle to the root’s centreline and along the line of the translational motion performed by the lifter. On the basis of applying the Ostrogradsky-Hamilton variational principle and using the equivalent schematic model developed by the authors, the expressions have been obtained that allow to determine the amplitude of the forced transverse root body oscillations as function of the perturbing force amplitude value as well as the soil’s elastic deformation and damping coefficients. The ranges of the elastic soil deformation coefficient values, at which the resonant behaviour is observed, that is, at which the forced elastic root body oscillation amplitude value exceeds the tolerance limits, have been determined for the 10, 15 and 20 Hz frequencies of the perturbing force produced by the vibrational lifting tool. That said, the mentioned oscillation amplitude values can vary from 0.58 to 0.45 m, which is sufficient to result in the root breaking. Moreover, it has been proved that, with the increase of the perturbing force frequency, the resonant behaviour ranges shift towards the increased values of the elastic soil deformation coefficient. Therefore, such elastic soil deformation coefficient ranges should be avoided in case of the lifting tool design proposed in the paper. As regards the damping properties of the soil, it has been proved that they do not cause any resonance phenomena.

Key words:

frequency, harvester, lifting tool, oscillation amplitude, soil, sugar beet root

2069-2075 P. Kic
Electric infrared heating panels as an alternative source of heating for greenhouses
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Electric infrared heating panels as an alternative source of heating for greenhouses

P. Kic

Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Technological Equipment of Buildings, Kamycka 129, CZ165 21 Praha 6, Czech Republic
Correspondence: kic@tf.czu.cz

Abstract:

The aim of this article is to show the possibilities of supplementary heating of greenhouses. There was used for this research an electric infrared heating panel ITA 700. The average total power was 630.8 W in laboratory measurements, of which 504.3 W has been transferred by the front part of the panel, of which 267.2 W has been transmitted by radiation. The total radiation efficiency of the front part was 42.4%. Similar measurements have been carried out in an experimental greenhouse (length 24 m, width 3.5 m). Approximately 448 W of average total power 603.7 W has been transferred by the front part of the panel, of which 159 W has been transferred by radiation. The total radiation efficiency of the front part was 26.3%. Differences between measured surface temperatures confirmed the influence of panel radiation on the flower bed. The average temperature in the soil (9 °C) shows that the influence of heating is mainly on the surface of the flower bed, where it could protect cultivated plants during the lowest temperature period. The obtained results can be useful for choosing suitable panel parameters for the placement in small horticultural or hobby greenhouse.

Key words:

convection, heat transfer, low temperature, measurement, radiation, soil

650–661 A. Zapałowska, Cz. Puchalski, S. Stankowski and M. Gibczyńska
Fertilisation with ash from wood and with sewage sludge versus contents of macro-and microelements in the soil following cultivation of Helianthus tuberosus L.
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Fertilisation with ash from wood and with sewage sludge versus contents of macro-and microelements in the soil following cultivation of Helianthus tuberosus L.

A. Zapałowska¹, Cz. Puchalski¹, S. Stankowski² and M. Gibczyńska³

¹University of Rzeszow, Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and microbiology, Zelwerowicza 4, PL35-601 Rzeszów, Poland
²West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Department of Agroengineering, Papieża Pawła VI 3, PL71-459 Szczecin, Poland
³West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Department of Bioengineering, Słowackiego 17, PL71-434 Szczecin, Poland

Abstract:

The present study investigated the effects produced in the soil by municipal sewage sludge and wood ash applied during the cultivation of Jerusalem artichoke. The impact of the presence of applied the fertilizer materials on changes in soil and a macro- and microelements contents were investigated. The comparative analyses took into account 3 factors; the first factor – 4 levels of wood ash – 0; I–4.28; II–8.57; III–12.85 t ha^-1, the second factor – 2 levels of sewage sludge – 0; 1 – 30.3 t ha^-1, the third factor – 2 varieties of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) – Gigant, Albik. Application of the fertilisers did not resulted in significant change in the total contents of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in soil examined after Jerusalem artichoke was harvested. Application of ash from coniferous trees, with high levels of calcium, resulted in increased total contents of calcium in the soil. Fertilisation of the soil with ash from coniferous trees or with sewage sludge, as well as cultivation of two varieties of Jerusalem artichoke, resulted in a significant increase in the concentrations of cadmium and lead, and produced no effects in the levels of nickel, zinc and copper identified in soil. The above findings, and in particular the fact that the limit values were not exceeded, indicate the possibility of using both sludge and biomass ash for fertilizing Jerusalem artichoke.

Key words:

Jerusalem artichoke, macro- and microelements, sewage sludge, soil, wood ash

483–493 L.G. Muhamedyarova, M.A. Derkho, G.V. Meshcheriakova, O.A. Gumenyuk and S.S. Shakirova
Influence of bio-humus on soil fertility, productivity and environmental safety of spring wheat grain
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Influence of bio-humus on soil fertility, productivity and environmental safety of spring wheat grain

L.G. Muhamedyarova*, M.A. Derkho, G.V. Meshcheriakova, O.A. Gumenyuk and S.S. Shakirova

Federal State Funded Educational Institution of Higher Education ‘South-Urals State Agrarian University’, Department of natural Sciences, RU457100, Chelyabinsk region, Troitsk, Russia
*Correspondence: muhamedyarovaliliya@mail.ru

Abstract:

The influence of bio humus on chemical indicators of the arable layer of soil, productivity and ecological safety indicators of spring wheat of ‘Chelyaba – 75’ variety during the period of 2017–2019 were studied. The object of research was samples of the soil arable layer from the control and experimental field, the structure of wheat yield from control and experimental plots. Bio humus aqueous extract was introduced in the soil of the experimental field before wheat sowing and in the phase of spring tillering at the rate of 10 L/200 L /1 hm²using the trailer sprayer ‘Zarya’ (Russia) during the dark hours of day.
In the study of soil and grain samples, generally accepted methods and techniques were used. It is established that regular chernozems under the conditions of technogenic impact of emissions of thermal power plants are characterized by low humus content (4.58–4.60%) and weak acid reaction of medium (pH = 6.1–6.5); imbalance between biochemically active (copper, zinc, cobalt) and toxic (lead, nickel, cadmium) elements, as confirmed by soil contamination coefficients: for copper (C0 = 1.50–1.58), zinc (C0 = 0.79–0.85). The introduction of bio humus in the tilth top soil before sowing and during tillering of spring wheat contributed to the increase in humus composition by 1.88 times, the change in acidity to pH = 6.9–7.0, reduction of lead and cadmium concentrations in 1.63 and 1.20 times against the background of increased zinc and cobalt levels by 15.62% and 7.98%; increase of field germination of spring wheat from 75.0 ± 0.4 to 82.0 ± 0.9%; quantity of developed stems to be harvested per 1 m2 by 10.15%, productive tilling capacity by 8.33%, average quantity of spikes per ear by 20.00%, average quantity of grain per ear by 7.69%, mass of 1,000 grains by 16.12%, and wheat yield increase by 10.2 hwt ha^-1 and decrease in spring wheat grain concentration of lead and cadmium at 14.00 and 16.00%.

Key words:

bio humus, detoxication, heavy metals, humus, soil, spring wheat, yield

38–52 V. Bulgakov, I. Holovach, Z. Ruzhylo, I. Fedosiy, Ye. Ihnatiev and J. Olt
Theory of oscillations performed by tools in spiral potato separator
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Theory of oscillations performed by tools in spiral potato separator

V. Bulgakov¹, I. Holovach¹, Z. Ruzhylo¹, I. Fedosiy¹, Ye. Ihnatiev² and J. Olt³*

¹National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 15 Heroyiv Oborony Str., UA 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine
²Tavria State Agrotechnological University, 18B Khmelnytsky Ave, UA 72310 Melitopol, Zaporozhye Region, Ukraine
³Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Technology, 56 Kreutzwaldi Str., EE 51006 Tartu, Estonia
*Correspondence: jyri.olt@emu.ee

Abstract:

The aim of this study is to provide for the intensification of the process of removing impurities from the potato heap by oscillating devices, which takes place, when potato tubers are cleaned in the spiral separator during their lifting. The authors have devised a new design of the spiral separator, which can be used in the process of lifting potatoes from the soil. It comprises cantilever cleaning spiral springs, which in their simultaneously rotary and oscillatory motion clean and transport the potato tubers with good quality. However, the removal of impurities from the cleaning area and the cleaning of the side surfaces of potato tuber bodies from the stuck soil can be significantly more effective, if the spiral springs perform their oscillatory motions in the longitudinal and vertical plane during their operation more intensively. In order to achieve that, the authors have worked out a new theory of the oscillatory motion of the cleaning spiral working under the action of the potato heap. That promotes the intensification of the process of cleaning potato bodies from the stuck soil. The authors have generated a new partial differential equation, which describes the oscillations of the cantilever cleaning spiral. The PC-assisted numerical solving of the said differential equation and further numerical modelling have made it possible to obtain the analytic expressions of the relations between the change in the helix pitch distance of the cleaning spiral and its deformation, in particular, the simultaneous longitudinal extension and transverse bending. That result, in its turn, provided for finding the maximum limit amount of the above-mentioned deformation under the condition that the potato tubers may not fall through the spaces between the spiral turns, taking into account the design and kinematic parameters of the cleaning spiral itself, the material it is made of and the process-dependent mode of operation of the separator. As a result of the PC-assisted numerical modelling, it has been found that the total deflection of the spiral on its length varies within the range of 0 to 0.05 m under the following parameters: angular velocity of rotation of the spiral ω = 30 rad s^-1, density of the material of the spiral ρ = 7,700 kg m^-3, elastic modulus Е = 2∙10¹¹ Pa, cleaning spiral bar stock radius r = 8.5 mm and a uniform load intensity of 1000 N m^-1. Such variation ensures the good quality of cleaning and transportation of potato tubers. According to the results of the PC-assisted numerical calculations, the helix pitch distance of a cleaning spiral with the above parameters and the original helix pitch distance S = 48 mm, due to the spiral’s deformation under the proposed transverse oscillations, can change up to 54 mm, which makes impossible for potato tubers to fall out of the cleaning unit. Experimental studies fully support the results from the theoretical calculations to determine the displacement of the ends of the cleaning unit’s spiral springs.

Key words:

cleaning unit, Deformation, oscillatory motion, potato, soil

2373–2385 S. Nouar, M. Baha, M. Latati, R. Djebbar and L. Reguieg
Short-term effect of sawdust biochar and bovine manure on the physiological behavior of turnip (Brassica rapa L.) grown in open fields in the Algiers region
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Short-term effect of sawdust biochar and bovine manure on the physiological behavior of turnip (Brassica rapa L.) grown in open fields in the Algiers region

S. Nouar¹*, M. Baha², M. Latati¹, R. Djebbar³ and L. Reguieg¹

¹National School of Agronomy, Department of Plant Productions. Laboratory of Integrated Improvement of Agricultural Productions, Laboratory of Plant Production. Rue Hassen Badi, El Harrach DZ16200 Algiers, Algeria
²National School of Higher Education (ENS), Department of General Agronomy. Laboratory of Ecobiology animal. Post box 92 old Kouba1 DZ6308 Algiers, Algeria
³Université des Sciences et Technologies Houari Boumediene Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms. Mailbox 32 El Alia Bab ezzouar DZ16111 Algiers, Algeria
*Correspondence: samnour207@gmail.com

Abstract:

This study was designed to determine the effect of different doses of biochar (B) 5.10, 20 t ha^-1 alone and mixed with manure (F) 10 t ha^-1 on turnips. The results showed that the OM (organic matter) rate had a maximum of 93.7% for (B20*F) and a minimum of 14.5% for (F); the CEC (cation exchange capacity) showed a maximum of 32.2% for (B10*F) and a minimum of 0.2% with (B5*F) compared to the control (T) and finally the pH to be increased with a maximum value of 11.2% for (B20*F) and a minimum value of 1.7% for (F) compared to (T) (≤ 0.01).
For the chemical parameters of the turnip, the maximum nitrogen rate was 93.8% with (B10) and 2% for (B20). The highest value for phosphorus was recorded in (F) and a minimal value in (B5) (≤ 0.01). The potassium level was high 4.2% for the treatment (B20*F) with the lowest value of 4.4% for (B5) and (B10) compared to (T) (0.05).
For the yield components, the fresh weight of the most important bulb was obtained with (F) with the value of 116.8% and minimum weight of 0.4% in the treatment (B5). The highest bulb length value was 36.8% in (F) and the lowest was 0.5% obtained with (B20*F). The bulb diameter was the largest in the treatment (F) and the smallest was 4.8% in (B20). Finally, the fresh weight of the leaves showed a maximum of 106.9% in (F) and an increase of 6% in (B20) compared to (T) (≤ 0.01).

Key words:

Brassica rapa L, bulb nutrients, cattle manure, soil, wood biochar