Growth and yield of spinach depending on absorbents’ action

O. Ulianych¹, K. Kostetska²*, N. Vorobiova¹, S. Shchetyna¹, G. Slobodyanyk¹ and K. Shevchuk¹

¹Uman National University of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture, Ecology and Plants Protection Department of Vegetable Growing, Instytutska street, 1, UA20300 Uman, Ukraine
²Uman National University of Horticulture, Department of Technology of Storage and Processing of Grain, 1 Instytutska street, UA20305 Uman, Ukraine
*Correspondence: kostetskakateryna@gmail.com

Abstract:

The use of absorbents from Maximarin for growing spinach contributed to its faster germination, increased plant growth and development, and resulted in an increase in yields of commodity products by 2.0–6.1 t ha^-1 and an increase in chemical composition. The use of absorbents in open ground for spinach made it possible to obtain the highest amount of contingent net profit for making the drug Maximarin in the form of a gel and the company Eco – with small granules, and in the Krasen Polissia variety – 2,160 and 2,102 USD ha^-1, in the Malakhit variety for introduction the drug Maximarin in the form of a gel 1,949 USD ha^-1 and the company Eco absorbent with potassium – 1,575 USD ha^-1. Profitability for the Matador variety has reached 75%, Malakhit grade – 69–75%, Keb – 3.0–3.2. It was established that in the closed ground application of the drug Maximarin in the form of gel and granules for spinach made it possible to obtain the highest amount of contingent net profit, which was Matador 3,079 and 3,025 USD ha^-1, in the Malakhit variety for the introduction of gel 4,304 USD ha^-1 and granules – 4,245 USD ha^-1. Profitability for the use of drugs for the Krasenʹ Polissia variety reached 84–77%, Malakhit – 118–116%, the bioenergy efficiency ratio – 3.0–3.3.

Key words:

Effects of Irrigation water salinity on evapotranspiration and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. Matador) plant parameters in Greenhouse Indoor and Outdoor Conditions

A. Ünlükara¹*, T. Yurtyeri² and B. Cemek³

¹Department of Biosystem Engineering, Agricultural Faculty, Erciyes University, TR38039 Kayseri, Turkey
²Gazipaşa First School of National Educational Ministry of Turkey Republic, Tokat, Turkey
³Department of Agricultural Structures and Irrigation, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayıs University, TR55139 Samsun, Turkey
*Corresponding author: unlukara@gmail.com

Abstract:

Response of spinach to irrigation water salinity under greenhouse indoor and outdoor conditions was investigated in this study to reveal different weather conditions on salinity tolerance of the plant. For this purpose, saline waters at six different salinities (0.65, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 7.0 dS m^-1) were applied to spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. Matador) grown in pots. Soil salinity increased linearly with increasing salinity of irrigation water. Threshold salinity is 2.35 dS m^-1 and yield lost slope after this threshold is 3.51% for indoor and threshold salinity is 2.83 dS m^-1 and yield lost slope is 3.3% for outdoor. Salinity harmful effect on spinach yield is higher for indoor conditions than for outdoor conditions because of higher indoor temperatures. These results apparently showed that spinach salinity response could change with changing weather conditions especially for temperature. Yield response factors (k_y), which is the ratio of relative evapotranspiration decrease to relative yield decrease, were close in the cases of irrigation water salinity in greenhouse outdoor and indoor (k_y = 2.4 and 2.1), respectively. Considerable water consumption decreases because of salinity were determined. Every 1 dS m^-1 increment in soil salinity caused about 1.35% water consumption decrease for spinach. Therefore, depressing effect of salinity on water consumption should be considered in irrigation and salinity management to prevent excess saline water application and to protect environment.

Key words:

Irrigation water salinity, Plant growth parameters, Plant water consumption, Spinach