Tag Archives: spring barley

169-174 O. Auškalnienė, A. Kadžys, A. Auškalnis and G. Pšibišauskienė
Weed emergence and survival in spring barley
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Weed emergence and survival in spring barley

O. Auškalnienė, A. Kadžys, A. Auškalnis and G. Pšibišauskienė

Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture
Instituto Alėja 1, LT – 58344, Akademija, Kėdainiai distr.;
e-mail:algis@lzi.lt

Abstract:

Weed emergence and survival in spring barley was investigated in field trials at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture in 2003–2005 and 2008.The soil of the experimental site – Endocalcary-Endohypogleyic Cambisol, loam.Conventional soil tillage moldboard ploughing in the autumn and pre-sowing soil tillage in spring – was used. Spring barley var ‘Luokė’ during 2003–2005 and ‘Aura DS’ in 2008 was sown in the second half of April, at a rate of 4.0 million seed ha-1. Weed emergence was observed in nine unsprayed plots of barley, in 4 places per plot (total 36 places), sites of 50 x 50 cm in size were marked, where all weeds present were counted weekly from sowing until the end of heading.There were found 11–20 weed species in the spring barley stands. In an extremely dryspring the weed species number was lowest. 36% of all the weeds that emerged in the spring barley growing period emerged during the first assesment performed at the second decade of May.Weed survival depends on the general weed number in the field and cropdevelopment. When weediness was quite low, later emerged weeds were not able to compete with barley and earlier-emerged weeds.

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335-340 M. Klimeková and Z. Lehocká
Comparison of yields and qualitative characters of spring barley grown after three preceding crops in an organic farming system in the years 2003–2008
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Comparison of yields and qualitative characters of spring barley grown after three preceding crops in an organic farming system in the years 2003–2008

M. Klimeková and Z. Lehocká

Research Centre for Plant Production – Research Institute of Plant Production,Bratislavská cesta 122, 921 68 Piešťany, Slovak Republic; e-mail: klimekova@vurv.sk

Abstract:

The aim of the study was to evaluate yields and selected qualitative parameters of spring barley cultivated after three preceding crops (sugar beet, winter wheat, maize for grain) in the years 2003–2008. farm yard manure was added to the preceding crops at a dosage of 40 t ha-1. A long term stationary field experiment was established on loamy luvi-haplic chernozem in south-western Slovakia. Statistically higher yields were recorded after sugar beet (5.38 t ha-1) than either maize for grain (4.77 t ha-1) or winter wheat (3.54 t ha-1). TGW was statistically significantly higher after maize for grain (43.82 g) compared with winter wheat (42.46 g) and sugar beet (40.93 g). The highest protein content (** P  0.01) was found in the barley crop after sugar beet (12.64%), followed by winter wheat (11.02%) and maize for grain (10.56%). Kolbach’s numbers were statistically higher after winter wheat (37.30) than either sugar beet (35.88) or maize for grain (36.12). The extract and starch content was not statistically influenced by the preceding crop.

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492-497 R. Skuodienė and R. Nekrošienė
Effect of perennial grasses ploughed in as green manure on the occurence of net blotch in spring barley
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Effect of perennial grasses ploughed in as green manure on the occurence of net blotch in spring barley

R. Skuodienė¹ and R. Nekrošienė²

¹Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture, Vėžaičiai Branch, Gargždų 29, LT–96216 Klaipėda distr.,Lithuania; tel: + 370 46 458233; e-mail: rskuod@vezaiciai.lzi.lt
²Botanical Garden of Klaipėda University, Kretingos 92, LT–92327 Klaipėda, Lithuania;e-mail: rita_nekrosiene@mail.ru

Abstract:

Experiments were carried out in the Vėžaičiai Branch of the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture (West Lithuania) in 2005–2007. The aim of this research was to assess the impact of using perennial legumes (red and white clover, lucerne) and timothy as green manure in crop rotation on the occurence of net blotch disease (causal agent Drechslera teres (Sacc.) Shoem.) in spring barley. Preceding crops of spring barley were winter triticale and winter rye (perennial grasses were preceding crops of these winter cereals). The yearly occurence of net blotch disease was high: incidence was about 70.00–100.00% severity; at the spring barley booting stage (BBCH 37-39) – from 4.45 to 12.25%, at milk maturity stage (BBCH 73-75) – 43.75–70.95%. The variously-managed perennial grasses in the crop rotation had a significant effect on the occurence of net blotch: the spring barley grown after timothy was 1.1–1.5 times less affected in 2005 and 2007, compared to the spring barley grown after red and white clovers, and about 1.2 times less affected grown after lucerne, compared with spring barley grown after other grasses in 2006.

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329-339 A. Satkus and A. Velykis
Modeling of seedbed creation for spring cereals in clayey soils
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Modeling of seedbed creation for spring cereals in clayey soils

A. Satkus and A. Velykis

Joniškėlis Experimental Station of the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture,Joniškėlis, LT-39301 Pasvalys District, Lithuania; e-mail: joniskelio_lzi@post.omnitel.net

Abstract:

A model field experiment to establish the optimal parameters of seedbed structure for spring cereals was conducted at the Joniškėlis Experimental Station of the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture from 2002–2004 on clay loam Gleyic Cambisol.We evaluated seedbed models for spring barley in small plots, where on the top seedbedsublayer (from 0 to 1.5 cm) the portion of desirable large-scale (>5 mm), on the middle sublayer (from 1.5 to 3.0 cm) of medium sized (2–5 mm) and on the bottom sublayer (from 3.0 to 4.5 cm) of smallest (<2 mm) soil structural aggregates made up to 40% in the 1st, 60% in the 2nd, 80% in the 3rd and 100% in the 4th model. Spring barley germination dynamics, emergence and growing intensity on clay loam soil were dependent on the structure of the seedbed and on the moisture content in the topsoil. When the topsoil moisture under the seedbed had decreased to 17.5 and 18.0% the spring barley seeds were germinating more intensively; more seed germinated in the seedbed where desirable soil structural aggregates account for 100 and 80% respectively in all seedbed sublayers, i.e. in the more fractionated seedbed, where bigger soil structural aggregates were taken to the surface, and smaller ones were concentrated deeper, closer to the seeds. When the moisture content in the topsoil was the highest (20.5%), the seedbed structure did not condition a consequent improvement in seed emergence. With increasing the seedbed fractionating, there was increasingly more moisture and higher porosity, less crust forming on the soil surface after rain, and less germination of annual weeds in the spring barley crop.

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517-529 I. Małecka and A. Blecharczyk
Effect of tillage systems, mulches and nitrogen fertilization on spring barley (Hordeum vulgare)
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Effect of tillage systems, mulches and nitrogen fertilization on spring barley (Hordeum vulgare)

I. Małecka¹ and A. Blecharczyk²

¹ Poznan University of Life Sciences, Plant and Soil Cultivation Department, Mazowiecka45/46, 60-623 Poznan, Poland; e-mail: malecka@up.poznan.pl
² Poznan University of Life Sciences, Plant and Soil Cultivation Department, Mazowiecka45/46, 60-623 Poznan, Poland; e-mail: blechar@up.poznan.pl

Abstract:

Yield, N uptake, weeds and diseases of spring barley were examined under five mulching practices (white mustard, phacelia, oat-pea mixture, straw mulch, and no mulch), three tillage systems (conventional, reduced and no-tillage) and three doses of nitrogen fertilization (0, 50 and 100 kg N ha-1). In general the grain yield of spring barley for cover crops was 10-31% higher compared with the no-mulch treatment. A mulch of straw provided a smaller barley grain yield than the no-mulch treatment. Compared to conventional tillage, grain yield under reduced tillage and no-tillage were 7 and 12% less, respectively. Spring barley sowing after a mixture of oat-pea led to decreased a negative response of reduced and no-tillage. Grain yield after treatment with legume cover crops and without N fertilization was similar compared as the rates 50 kg N ha-1 after white mustard or phacelia and as the rate 100 kg N ha-1 without mulches. There was no evidence of tillage x N fertilization interaction on grain yield, dry matter production and plant-N uptake. Cover crops and straw mulch significantly decreased total weed populations compared with the treatment without mulch. Total weed density increased from 108 plants per m2 in the no-tillage to 322 plants per m2 for reduced tillage, and to 416 plants per m2 for the conventional tillage over mulch. Higher infestation of spring barley with stem base and root diseases was observed in reduced and no-tillage in comparison with the conventional soil tillage and after straw mulch and no-mulch than after cover crops.

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101-108 K. Trükmann, E. Reintam, J. Kuht, E. Nugis and L. Edesi
Effect of soil compaction on growth of narrow–leafed lupine, oilseed rape and spring barley on sandy loam soil
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Effect of soil compaction on growth of narrow–leafed lupine, oilseed rape and spring barley on sandy loam soil

K. Trükmann¹, E. Reintam¹, J. Kuht¹, E. Nugis² and L. Edesi²

¹Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences,Kreutzwaldi St. 64, 51014 Tartu, Estonia; e-mail: katrin.trykmann@emu.ee
²Estonian Research Institute of Agriculture, Teaduse St. 13, 75501 Saku, Estonia

Abstract:

Soil compaction is an environmental problem and has been recognized as the main form of soil degradation in Europe. Soil compaction may increase soil strength and compacted soil layers can affect root and shoot growth. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of soil compaction on soil properties and on the growth of narrow–leafed lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.), spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera Hertzg.), and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The experiment was carried out on the research field of the Estonian University of Life Sciences in the summers of 2004 and 2005 on the sandy loam Stagnic Luvisol. The field was compacted by tractor MTZ-82 (total weight 4.84 Mg) characterized by multiple tire-to-tire passing. Parameters such as plants biomass (roots and shoots) and the changes in physical properties, bulk density and penetration resistance of soil were measured. The results of the present study revealed that the highest increase of penetration resistance and soil bulk density due to the soil compaction occurred in growing spring barley. Although the roots and shoots mass of lupine and oilseed rape increased with increased soil bulk density, there was a very strong negative linear correlation between the roots and shoots weight and soil bulk density on spring barley. A positive correlation was detected between the roots and shoots mass of narrow–leafed lupine and soil bulk density, and soil compaction had a positive effect on the roots and shoots mass of oilseed rape. The study indicates that oilseed rape and narrow–leafed lupine can grow more successfully on compacted soils than can barley.

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251-255 A. Leistrumaitė and Ž. Liatukas
Resistance of spring barley cultivars to the new disease Ramularia leaf spot, caused by Ramularia collo-cygni
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Resistance of spring barley cultivars to the new disease Ramularia leaf spot, caused by Ramularia collo-cygni

A. Leistrumaitė and Ž. Liatukas

Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture, Instituto al. 1, Akademija,Kėdainiai distr., LT-58344, Lithuania; e-mail: alge@lzi.lt

Abstract:

In 2004 and 2005, the occurrence of Ramularia leaf spot was monitored at breeding nurseries of spring barley. Higher Ramularia severity developed in the dryer and sunnier year of 2005. Generally, resistance of cultivars to Ramularia leaf spot was similar between years. Half of the tested cultivars were more damaged by Ramularia in the second year. Average disease severity increased from 7.0% in 2004 to 13.4% in 2005. The correlation analysis showed no relationship between Ramularia and other diseases severities. The effect of Ramularia AUDPC on the yield in 2005 showed weak negative correlation (r = -0.37*). It can be explained by higher Ramularia and lower severities of other diseases. Among the tested cultivars there were identified genotypes with a high complex resistance to all foliar diseases. Such cultivars were Jersey, Philadelphia and Wikingett.

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187–194 E. J. Kuht and E. Reintam
Soil compaction effect on soil physical properties and the content of nutrients in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
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Soil compaction effect on soil physical properties and the content of nutrients in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

E. J. Kuht¹ and E. Reintam²

¹Institute of Field Crop Husbandry, Estonian Agricultural University,
Eerika, 504012 Tartu, Estonia
²Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Estonian Agricultural University,
Eerika, 504012 Tartu, Estonia

Abstract:

The long-term use of heavy-weight agricultural machinery has caused extensive and lasting phenomena of degradation, especially in the basic layer of soil. The influence of soil compaction by heavy tractor on spring wheat and barley has been investigated. The field trials were completed on a Stagnic Luvisol (WRB), quite characteristic of Estonia but sensitive to compaction. The results of soil measurements demonstrated a strongly negative effect of wet soil compaction on soil physical characteristics and were in good connection with the number of compactions carried out. In order to find out the nutrient assimilation ability of plants on these soils, the amount of elements (N; P; K; Ca; Mg) in the dry matter of spring wheat and spring barley was determined. It appeared that the nitrogen uptake ability of spring wheat plants decreased almost by 30% and that of barley by 40% in the case of heavy soil compaction (4 and 6 times). As a result of compaction, the content of potassium and calcium in barley and spring wheat was decreased as compared with the non-compacted area.

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