Tag Archives: tomato

190-206 L.G. Matevosyan, S.S. Harutyunyan, M.H. Galstyan, R.H. Osipova, A.T. Mkrtchyan, K.Sh. Sargsyan and R.R. Sadoyan
Balance and coefficients of usage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from the soil and fertilizers by tomatoes and peppers in the conditions of Ararat Plain of Armenia
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Balance and coefficients of usage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from the soil and fertilizers by tomatoes and peppers in the conditions of Ararat Plain of Armenia

L.G. Matevosyan, S.S. Harutyunyan*, M.H. Galstyan, R.H. Osipova, A.T. Mkrtchyan, K.Sh. Sargsyan and R.R. Sadoyan

Scientific Centre of Agriculture, Iss- Le- Mulino 1, AM 1101, Ejmiatsin, Armavir region, Armenia
*Correspondence: ss_harutyunyan@mail.ru

Abstract:

The aim of the research is to reveal the biological removal, balance and coefficient rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium use from soil, organo-mineral fertilizers and microbiological concentrates by tomato and sweet pepper in the conditions of Ararat Plain of Armenia. Field experiments were carried out in 2017–2019, on typical irrigated meadow brown soils in triplicate. It has been established that at tomato yields of 50–75 t ha-1, the biological removal of nitrogen ranges from 110 (without fertilizers) to 178 kg ha-1 (N150P80), P2O5: 61–89, K2O5: 166–289 kg ha-1, and at pepper yields of 23–32 t ha-1, respectively – 55–76, 38–49 and 77–106 kg ha-1. Tomato utilization rates from the soil (unfertilized version) are: N: 118, P2O5: 37, K2O: 8%, and the negative balances are respectively: 107, 67 and 109 kg ha-1, similar data for pepper were recorded at: N: 59, P2O5: 23, K2O: 4% and 52, 44, 20 kg ha-1. From fertilizers, tomato absorbs 27–45% nitrogen, 11–48% P2O5 and 48–72% K2O with negative balances (N: 15–55, P2O5: 14–76, K2O: 34–79 kg ha-1), in poultry litter the balance P2O5 = + 94.2 kg ha-1. For pepper, however, these data were respectively amounted to: N: 6–14, P2O5: 10–15, K2O: 9–20%, and the balances were positive. Microbiological concentrates (Azoto + phosphate Barvar) showed poor effectiveness as compared to organo-mineral fertilizers. It was also found that the lower the amount of a mobile element in the soil, or in the fertilizer dose, the higher its utilization rate and vice versa.

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5-15 M.A. Abdelhamid, S.A. Rawdhan, S.S. Shalaby and M.F. Atia
Mathematical model for detecting tomato ripeness using chlorophyll fluorescence
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Mathematical model for detecting tomato ripeness using chlorophyll fluorescence

M.A. Abdelhamid¹*, S.A. Rawdhan², S.S. Shalaby¹ and M.F. Atia¹

¹Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, 11241 Egypt
²Dept. of Agri. Mechanization and equip-Coll. Agri. engine. Sci. University of Baghdad, 47040 Iraq
*Correspondence: mahmoudabdelhamid@agr.asu.edu.eg

Abstract:

A precise assessment of tomato ripeness is crucial in the harvesting and marketing procedures. Chlorophyll fluorescence is being relied on as a harmless approach for tracking the maturity of tomatoes in postharvest research. In this study, mathematical model is proposed based on measuring the intensity of fast chlorophyll fluorescence of tomatoes depending on their degree of maturity. In the experimental study, four stages of tomato ripening (green, turning, pink, and red) for three varieties (‘Alkazar’, ‘Lezginka’, and ‘Rosanchik’) were used. The Fluorescence Intensity (FI) data over time were represented using a third-degree polynomial function and finding its first derivative curve. The FI parameter was obtained as the fluorescence level at the first inflection point on the fluorescence induction curve (at time tI on the first derivative curve). According to the obtained mathematical models, the optimal time for monitoring the degree of ripeness of tomatoes was tI = 129 ± 4 ms. According to the results of experimental studies, there is a general trend, regardless of the variety used, that the FI decreases with tomato maturity. The FI may assist in sorting and grading processes for fresh vegetables and fruits. It can also be used as a system that can be integrated into harvest and post-harvest machinery for agricultural products.

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711-727 V.I. Esan, T.E. Sangoyomi, O.A. Ajayi, M. Christensen and J.O. Ogunwole
Performance evaluation and variability analysis for morpho-physiological traits of orange fleshed tomato varieties introduced in Nigeria climatic conditions
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Performance evaluation and variability analysis for morpho-physiological traits of orange fleshed tomato varieties introduced in Nigeria climatic conditions

V.I. Esan¹, T.E. Sangoyomi¹, O.A. Ajayi², M. Christensen³ and J.O. Ogunwole¹

¹Environmental Management and Crop Production Unit, B. Agriculture Program, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Bowen University, PMB 284 Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria
²Food Science Program, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Bowen University, PMB 284 Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria
³Heritage Food Crops Research Trust, 126A Springvale Road, Whanganui 4501,
New Zealand
*Correspondence: vincent.esan@bowen.edu.ng

Abstract:

The introduction of orange flesh tomato in Nigeria climatic conditions through characterization is the best way to understand its adaptability and fight against the lack of ß-carotene in the landraces and improved varieties currently cultivated in the country. This study was aimed to evaluate7 tomato varieties comprised of 4 orange-fleshed tomato imported from New Zealand and 3 local varieties for their morphological, agronomic and chemical composition and fruit quality characters. Phenotyping was used to assess the morphological and agronomic traits and while biochemical assays was used for fruit quality characters. The four orange fleshed tomato varieties were indeterminate and the 3 local varieties were determinate. There were significant variability and differences in plant height (54.93 cm to 72.23 cm), leaf number (14 to 24), leaf length (24.10 cm to 28.53 cm), length width (15.13 cm to 16.93 cm), internode length (2.41 cm to 3.29 cm), root collar (3.46 cm to 4.53 cm), days to 1% flowering (20 to 23), days to maturity (34 to 42), number of clusters per plant (5 to 10), fruits per cluster (4 to 6), fruit weight (72.64 g to 488.58 g), fruit length (27 mm to54.89 mm), fruit diameter (23.67 mm to 28 mm), transverse fruit section (1 mm to 3 mm), moisture content (92.30 to 95.33%), protein (0.15 to 1.02%), fat (0.15 to 1.02%), fibre (0.92 to 2.37%) and carbohydrate (1.86 to 6.41%). At the time the local varieties senesced they showed higher yields than the introduced varieties, but as indeterminate they were better than the local ones because they continued fruiting after the local ones died off. Flesh color of pericarps and ripened fruit color ranged from orange to red while fruit shape varied from highly rounded to cylindrical (long oblong). Fruit size showed variation from small to moderate size.

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793-804 Y.N. Sassine, T.K. Sajyan, A. El Zarzour, A.M.R. Abdelmawgoud, M. Germanos and S.M. Alturki
Integrative effects of biostimulants and salinity on vegetables: Contribution of bioumik and Lithovit®-urea50 to improve salt-tolerance of tomato
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Integrative effects of biostimulants and salinity on vegetables: Contribution of bioumik and Lithovit®-urea50 to improve salt-tolerance of tomato

Y.N. Sassine¹, T.K. Sajyan¹²*, A. El Zarzour¹, A.M.R. Abdelmawgoud³, M. Germanos¹ and S.M. Alturki⁴

¹Lebanese University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Production, Beirut, Lebanon
²University of Forestry, Faculty of Agronomy, Department of Agronomy, 10 Kliment Ohridski blvd, BG1797 Sofia, Bulgaria
³National Research Center, Department of Vegetable Researches, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
⁴King Faisal University, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, P.O. Box 400, Al Ahsa 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
*Correspondence: tony.sajyan@st.ul.edu.lb

Abstract:

The separate and combined effect of lithovit-urea50 and bioumik was tested on salt-stressed tomato crops. Salinity was induced using three different NaCl solutions (2, 4 and 8 dS m-1). Under the salinity effect, all aspects of plant growth were inhibited. Total chlorophyll and carotenoids reduced from mg g-1 FW and 1.1 mg g-1 FW at 2 dS m-1 to reach 1.01 mg g-1 FW and 0.66 mg g-1 FW at 8 dS m-1 in control plants. Plants treated by the combination of both products had the highest chlorophyll and carotenoids content with 2.24 mg g-1 FW and 1.34 mg g‑1 FW, 1.88 mg g-1 FW and 1.05 mg g-1 FW, and 1.39 mg g-1 FW and 0.86 mg g-1 FW respectively at 2, 4 and 8 dS m-1. Treating plants by this combination maximized flower number, fruit weight, yield and fruit diameter at 2 dS m-1 (17 flowers, 47.93 g, 431.1 g plant-1 and 3.23 cm respectively) and 4 dS m-1 (15flowers, 36.45 g, 291.85 g plant-1 and 2.8 cm respectively). The separate application of bioumik minimized cell electrolyte leakage at 2 dS m-1 (8.82%) compared to control (11.43%). Additionally, plants treated by lithovit-urea and bioumik had the highest relative water content with 107.3%, 96.5% and 91.2% respectively at 2, 4 and 8 dS m-1. N, Ca and Mg in roots were significantly the highest at 2 dS m-1 (4.5%, 2.6% and 0.5% respectively), at 4 dS m-1 (3.74%, 2.49% and 0.48% respectively) and at 8 dS m-1 (3.21%, 2.61% and 0.32% respectively). K content in roots was maximized following the separate application of bioumik with 3.21% at 2 dS m-1 and 2.55% at 8 dS m-1. Conclusively, lithovit-urea and bioumik helped plants in tolerating salt-stress with an optimal effect obtained after their combination.

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200-214 T. Kocsis, Z. Kotroczó, K. Juhos2, B. Ferschl, V. Rozmann, A. Brückner and B. Biró
Opposite tendency between yield and taste of organic tomato by increasing biochar doses in a slightly humous arenosol
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Opposite tendency between yield and taste of organic tomato by increasing biochar doses in a slightly humous arenosol

T. Kocsis¹*, Z. Kotroczó², K. Juhos²2, B. Ferschl³, V. Rozmann⁴, A. Brückner¹ and B. Biró²

¹Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene, and Safety, Somlói Str. 14–16, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
²Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of
Agro-Environmental Studies, Budapest, Villányi Str. 29–43, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
³Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Ecological and Sustainable Production Systems, Budapest, Villányi Str. 29–43, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
⁴Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Agricultural and Food Machinery, Villányi Str. 29–43, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
*Correspondence: kocsis.tamas.jozsef@uni-mate.hu

Abstract:

The tomato is the edible berry of the plant Solanum lycopersicum. Tomato plants are widely grown in temperate climates worldwide and are mostly cultivated as annuals. The objective of this study was to understand the interrelation between fruit quality of tomato, some soil biological parameters, and the addition of increasing biochar (BC) soil amendment doses. BC is an industrial product, made from organic waste by pyrolysis. Its use in the soil is known to improve fertility and several soil functions. Among organic, ecological conditions, a field experiment was performed in a type of slightly humous arenosol soil. Effect of increasing doses of biochar (BC) (0.5-, 1.0-, 2.5-, 5.0, 10 m/m% and control) was studied. Nutrient content and Total Soluble Solid (TSS) of the fruits, the ripeness, and the marketable/non-marketable ratio of yield were assessed. The presence of some cultivable microbial physiological groups (fungi, bacteria) and the soil-dehydrogenase activity (DHA) was estimated. Results represented that the changes of fruit TSS content was not linear with the increasing doses of BC. The increased yield (+53%) had an inverse correlation with the TSS content of the berry’s pulps, and the content was lowest at the highest BC dose. Optimum doses of BC were considered, like 1–2.5 m/m%, supported by the nutritive element content (+55% N, +76% P, +83% K) and enhanced microbial activities (+45% DHA). Grouping the parameters by Pearson Correlation Coefficient, the biochar amendment was a driving factor for tomato growth, with certain dose limits in the studied organic agricultural practice.

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77–85 O. Gayosso-Barragán, A. López-Benítez, S.A. Rodríguez-Herrera, J.N. Ek-Maas, D.M. Hidalgo-Ramos and J.S.G.J. Alcala-Rico
Studies on combining ability in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
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Studies on combining ability in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

O. Gayosso-Barragán, A. López-Benítez*, S.A. Rodríguez-Herrera, J.N. Ek-Maas, D.M. Hidalgo-Ramos and J.S.G.J. Alcala-Rico

Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Departamento de Fitomejoramiento, Calzada Antonio Narro 1923, MX25315 Saltillo, Coahuila, México
*Correspondence: alfopezbe_2000@hotmail.com

Abstract:

The present study was done seven elite tomato lines (Solamun lycopersicum L.) of determinate and indeterminate growth with good yield potential and good combining ability, using diallel fashion without reciprocals to produce 21 F1s. General combining ability (GCA) and Specific combining ability (SCA) analysis were conducted, with Diallel-SAS, assessing six yield and component traits. Results showed highly significant differences (p ≤ 0.01) among genotypes, as well as in GCA and SCA effects in all the characteristics that was assessed, with the exception of Days to First Cut. The results revealed that variance contribution to the yield attributed to the crossings had more non-additive effects (SCA) than additive effects (GCA). Furthermore, Line D4 had the greatest effect on yield in terms of GCA, as well in AFW (Average Fruit Weight), NFP (Number of Fruits per Plant) and PD (Polar Diameter) followed by D3 and K3. These lines can be used as donor parent in future tomato-breeding program. Hybrids K3×D4, R1×Y53, D3×IR13 and F3×Y53 had the highest level of SCA, with average yields of 93 t ha-1. These potential hybrids could be exploited at commercial level after critical testing.

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501-507 R. Vicente1,2, R. Morcuende1 and J. Babiano2
Differences in Rubisco and Chlorophyll Content among Tissues and Growth Stages in Two tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Varieties
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Differences in Rubisco and Chlorophyll Content among Tissues and Growth Stages in Two tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Varieties

R. Vicente1,2, R. Morcuende1 and J. Babiano2

1Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca, IRNASA–CSIC, Apartado 257, 37071 Salamanca, Spain; e-mails: ruben.vicente@irnasa.csic.es; rosa.morcuende@irnasa.csic.es
2University of Salamanca, Department of Plant Physiology, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; e-mail: babiano@usal.es

Abstract:

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco) is a key enzyme in the photosynthetic assimilation of CO2 and the most abundant leaf protein. The amounts ofchlorophyll (chl) and Rubisco have often been considered, respectively, as indices of light harvesting and Calvin cycle capacities of leaves. The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes in chlorophyll content and the level of Rubisco protein in various plant tissues at different growth stages in two tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) varieties. The results show an increase of the amount of both chlorophyll and Rubisco protein at vegetative growth stages (leaf expansion), which was followed by a gradual decline during anthesis, probably as a consequence of changes in the balance of their synthesis and degradation reported previously –Rubisco could be remobilized and reused in the production of reproductive structures. However, the increase in the amount of Rubisco and chlorophyll at ripening stage (more in Tres Cantos variety) contrasts with the decrease reported in other studies when degradation is becoming predominant during senescence.

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712-718 A. Radzevičius, R. Karklelienė, P. Viškelis, Č. Bobinas,R. Bobinaitė and S. Sakalauskienė
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit quality and physiological parameters at different ripening stages of; Lithuanian cultivars
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Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit quality and physiological parameters at different ripening stages of; Lithuanian cultivars

A. Radzevičius, R. Karklelienė, P. Viškelis, Č. Bobinas,R. Bobinaitė and S. Sakalauskienė

Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture. LT-54333, Babtai, Kauno 30, Kaunas distr., Lithuania;e-mail: a.radzevicius@lsdi.lt

Abstract:

Four cultivars (‘Neris’, ‘Svara’, ‘Vytėnų didieji’, ‘Jurgiai’) and one hybrid (‘Vaisa’) of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were investigated at the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture from 2007─2008.During this investigation fruit quality and physiological parameters were evaluated: thelycopene and β-carotene contents, colour indices (CIE L*a*) and hue angle (h°) with chroma (C) at four different fruit ripening stages (I stage – green, II stage – beginning of ripening, III – not fully ripened, IV – fully ripened)A significant increase in lycopene and β-carotene content at each successive ripeningstage of tomato fruit was recorded. Tomato fruit colour became darker and the ratio of red to green colour increased during the ripening process. Chroma value increased with a change of tomato colour from green to light red, and subsequently declined at the red fruit stage, but chroma of the hybrid ‘Vaisa’ increased at all ripening stages.External colour was expressed in terms of hue angle. All the analyzed tomato cultivarsdeveloped a similar colour when mature, with average hue angles generally being close to 40 degrees, but the cultivar ‘Neris’ had lower hue value (32 degrees).

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151-154 D. Burokienė
Early detection of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Michiganensi in tomato seedlings
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Early detection of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Michiganensi in tomato seedlings

D. Burokienė

Institute of Botany, Žaliųjų Ežerų g. 49, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania;e-mail: daiva@botanika.lt

Abstract:

The investigations of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Michiganensi in tomato seedlings were carried out using the BIO-PCR method. One to two (1–2) colonies were already detectable with species-specific primers CMM5 and CMM6 using Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis bacteria in plant seedlings. The method allowed detection of bacteria at a distance of 8 cm farthest from the inoculation site in 95% of samples 3 days after treatment, at the earliest. Plant seedlings approximately 40 cm high were infected at full length after 9 days. Experimental results indicated the possibility of detecting the pathogen in very early stages of infection. Therefore, the BIO-PCR method was a highly specific, rapid and reliable detection technique, which might help to control the spread of the pathogen to healthy tomato plants.

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