Tag Archives: tractor

2340-2352 V. Bulgakov, I. Holovach, V. Nadykto, O. Parakhin, H. Kaletnik, L. Shymko and J. Olt
Motion stability estimation for modular traction vehicle-based combined unit
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Motion stability estimation for modular traction vehicle-based combined unit

V. Bulgakov¹, I. Holovach¹, V. Nadykto², O. Parakhin², H. Kaletnik³, L. Shymko¹ and J. Olt⁴*

¹National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine, 15 Heroyiv Oborony Str., UA 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine
²Dmytro Motornyi Tavria State Agrotechnological University, 18B, Khmelnytsky Ave, UA 72310, Melitopol, Zaporozhye Region, Ukraine
³Vinnytsia National Agrarian University of Ukraine, 3 Soniachna Str., UA 21008 Vinnytsia, Ukraine
⁴Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Technology, 56 Kreutzwaldi Str., EE 51006 Tartu, Estonia
*Correspondence: jyri.olt@emu.ee

Abstract:

One of the promising ways of efficiently applying high power intensity tractors is their design and utilisation in the form of modular traction vehicles comprising two modules: the power module and the process module. In order to provide for the sufficient manoeuvrability of the modular traction vehicle, when its process module passes a turn, the latter is equipped with vertical and horizontal hinge joints. The freedom of the process module’s rotation with respect to the power module in the horizontal plane through the agency of the above-mentioned vertical hinge joint is restrained by a hydraulic cylinder, in which the chambers above and below the piston are connected via a throttle valve with a hydraulic resistance coefficient of about 1.03×106 N m s rad–1. This paper is concerned with the theoretical and experimental research into the stability of motion (on turn spaces as well as in the transport mode) of a modular combined unit, when its velocity changes and/or the slip resistance coefficient of the tyres on the wheels of the process module, in which the hydraulic cylinder is equipped with a throttle valve with the above-mentioned hydraulic resistance coefficient, changes.

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1517-1529 V. Bulgakov, V. Adamchuk, V. Nadykto, O. Kistechok and J. Olt
Theoretical research into the stability of motion of the ploughing tractor-implement unit operating on the ‘push-pull’ principle
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Theoretical research into the stability of motion of the ploughing tractor-implement unit operating on the ‘push-pull’ principle

V. Bulgakov¹, V. Adamchuk², V. Nadykto³, O. Kistechok³ and J. Olt⁴*

¹National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 15, Heroyiv Oborony Str., UA 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine
²National Scientific Centre, Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Electrification, 11, Vokzalna Str., Glevaкha-1, Vasylkiv District, UA 08631 Kiev Region, Ukraine
³Tavria State Agrotechnological University, 18, B. Khmelnytsky Ave., UA 72312 Melitopol, Zaporozhye region, Ukraine
⁴Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Technology, Kreutzwaldi 56, EE51014 Tartu, Estonia
*Correspondence: jyri.olt@emu.ee

Abstract:

The reduction of power consumption in the ploughing operations can be achieved by way of improving the grip properties of the implement-carrying tractors, which is facilitated by setting up ploughing units for operation on the ‘push-pull’ principle. The aim of the current research is to substantiate the set-up and parameters of the ploughing unit with a front-mounted plough basing on the theoretical investigation of the stability of its motion in the horizontal plane. The methods of research include obtaining the amplitude- and phase-frequency response characteristics of the dynamic system in order to analyse the stability of its motion under the action of external statistically random perturbations. Also, the methods of software development and PC-based numerical computation are applied. The results of the study prove that the increase of the ploughing unit’s travel speed results in the considerable rise of the gain of the amplitude of the tractor’s heading angle oscillation in response to the oscillation of the angular displacement of the front-mounted plough in the horizontal plane. The phase-frequency response displays the same behaviour, changing substantially together with the unit’s travel speed. Raising the coefficient of resistance to tyre slip of the tractor’s rear wheels from 100 to 130 kPa and the front wheels from 140 to 175 kPa results in a minor decrease of the amplitude of oscillation of the tractor’s heading angle φ. The ploughing unit has the best response to the input effect, i.e. the oscillation of the front-mounted plough’s angular displacement βp, when it operates using the 1+5 combination. The increase of the number of front-mounted plough bodies from 1 to 3 results in the substantial growth of the tractor’s heading angle oscillation amplitude. Taking into account the way, in which the ploughing unit as a dynamic system responds to the input perturbance, the increase of its travel speed can be restricted not by the condition of its motion stability, but solely by the agrotechnical requirements applied to such a process operation as ploughing. The ploughing unit’s motion stability substantially improves in case of higher air pressure in the tyres on the tractor’s front and rear wheels. This effect is especially pronounced in the perturbance oscillation frequency range (0…1.5 s–1) that covers the main part of its dispersion.

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1498-1516 V. Bulgakov, V. Adamchuk, M. Arak, I. Petrychenko and J. Olt
Theoretical research into the motion of combined fertilising and sowing tractor-implement unit
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Theoretical research into the motion of combined fertilising and sowing tractor-implement unit

V. Bulgakov¹, V. Adamchuk², M. Arak³, I. Petrychenko² and J. Olt³*

¹National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 15 Heroyiv Oborony Str., UA03041 Kyiv, Ukraine
²National Scientific Centre, Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Electrification, 11 Vokzalna Str., Glevaкha-1, Vasylkiv District, UA08631 Kiev Region, Ukraine
³Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Technology, 56 Kreutzwaldi Str., EE51014 Tartu, Estonia
*Correspondence: jyri.olt@emu.ee

Abstract:

A mathematical model has been developed representing the motion of a seed drill combination simultaneously performing the preceding banded placement of mineral fertilisers. Such a combined unit comprises the gang-up wheeled tractor, the fertiliser distribution module behind the tractor attached to it with the use of a hitch and intended for the banded placement of mineral fertilisers and the grain drill behind the fertiliser distribution module attached to it also with the use of a hitch. For the components of this dynamic system the coordinates of their centres, their masses as well as the external forces and the reactions of the soil surface applied to them have been determined. In order to use the original dynamic equations in the form of the Lagrange equations of the second kind, the generalised coordinates and kinetic energy relations have been determined. Following the necessary transformations, a system of six differential equations of motion has been generated, which characterises the behaviour of the combined machine unit during its plane-parallel motion. In this system, two line coordinates and one angular coordinate characterise the behaviour of the propulsion and power unit (wheeled tractor), while three angular coordinates characterise the rotations of the draft gear and the centres of the machines integrated with its use.

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162–169 Ľ. Hujo, Z. Tkáč, J. Jablonický, D. Uhrinová and M. Halenár
The action of force measurement for the three-point hitch of a tractor
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The action of force measurement for the three-point hitch of a tractor

Ľ. Hujo*, Z. Tkáč, J. Jablonický, D. Uhrinová and M. Halenár

Department of Transport and Handling, Faculty of Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, A. Hlinku 2, SK 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
*Correspondence: lubomir.hujo@uniag.sk

Abstract:

The object of the executed measurements which were carried out was to obtain time courses for the forces and pressures inherent in a hydraulic system for the three-point hitch of a tractor during the process of ploughing with a carrier-mounted plough and also with a semi-mounted plough. It was necessary to obtain experimental data on the basis of which it was then possible to consider and analyse the issue of dynamic loading for the three-point hitch of a tractor during basic agricultural operations. The selected operation was ploughing in random working conditions using, in turn, a carrier-mounted plough and a semi-mounted plough. The aim was to use the results obtained to simulate the loading and full usage of the three-point hitch (TPH) under laboratory condition by means of hydrostatic simulator.

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1626-1634 J. Kosiba, Š. Čorňák, J. Glos, J. Jablonický, V. Vozárová, A. Petrović and J. Csillag
Monitoring oil degradation during operating tests
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Monitoring oil degradation during operating tests

J. Kosiba¹*, Š. Čorňák², J. Glos², J. Jablonický¹, V. Vozárová³, A. Petrović³ and J. Csillag³

¹Department of Transport and Handling, Faculty of Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A Hlinku 2, SK 949 76, Nitra, Slovak Republic
²Department of Combat and Special Vehicles, Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defence, Kounicova 65, CZ 662 10 Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
³Department of Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, SK 949 76, Nitra Slovak Republic
*Correspondent: jan.kosiba@gmail.com

Abstract:

This paper deals with a lifetime test of the hydraulic and transmission oil, Shell Spirax S4 ATF (Universal Tractor Transmission Oil (UTTO)). This fluid was used in the hydraulic and transmission circuit of a John Deere 5720 tractor. The fluid was assessed in terms of a possible contamination of chemical elements. Fluid samples were taken from a John Deere 5720 tractor at intervals of 250 engine hours. These samples were subjected to an IR spectroscopy analysis, a measuring of the kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The spectrometer, Spectroil Q100, has been used to monitor chemical elements.

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148-157 V. Nadykto, M. Arak and J. Olt
Theoretical research into the frictional slipping of wheel-type undercarriage taking into account the limitation of their impact on the soil
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Theoretical research into the frictional slipping of wheel-type undercarriage taking into account the limitation of their impact on the soil

V. Nadykto¹, M. Arak² and J. Olt²⋅*

¹Tavria State Agrotechnological University, Khmelnytskoho pr. 18, Melitopol, 72312 Zaporozhye region, Ukraine
²Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Technology, 56 Kreutzwaldi, EE51014 Tartu, Estonia; *Correspondence: jyri.olt@emu.ee

Abstract:

The frictional slipping of the tractor’s wheels causes great damage to the soil fertility. To ensure the minimal disturbance of its structure, it has been proposed to determine the maximum slippage of driving wheels taking into account the value of their permissible pressure on the soil in the horizontal plane. As a result, it has been established that for the substantial reduction of the soil structural damage during the spring agricultural field operations the maximum permissible frictional sliding δmax of the wheel-type undercarriage of tractors classified into drawbar pull categories 5, 3 and 1.4 (drawbar pull based classification approach is used in Ukraine and some other countries) has to be equal to 15%, 12% and 9% respectively. In the summer/autumn period, the values δmax can be greater and, accordingly, be equal to 20%, 16% and 13%. Wheeled tractors in drawbar pull category 5 equipped with single standard tyres can be used for field operations only in the summer/autumn period. For their operation in spring they must certainly be equipped with twin tyres. The implementation of this design solution is appropriate for all wheeled tractors.

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17-24 J. Ahokas and T. Jokiniemi
Light tractor simulator
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Light tractor simulator

J. Ahokas¹ and T. Jokiniemi²

Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PL 28, 00014 Helsingin yliopisto, Finland; e-mail: 1jukka.ahokas@helsinki.fi, 2tapani.jokiniemi@helsinki.fi

Abstract:

A tractor simulator was made for hard tillage work. The aim of the simulator was to have it in national language and that it is easy to use. There are tractor simulators available but they are mainly made for different conditions than we have and they are also in languages not common to our farmers. The simulator user can interactively experiment how working depth and – width, soil conditions, ballasting and driving speed effect on wheel slip, field capacity and fuel consumption l ha-1. The simulator also shows how complicated a tractor – implement system is. Because the soil conditions and implement conditions are varying there can be large scatter in the results.

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287-300 Ü. Traat, A. Küüt and J. Olt
Specific Features of Establishment and Maintenance of Tractor Fleet in a Typical Estonian Agricultural Holding
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Specific Features of Establishment and Maintenance of Tractor Fleet in a Typical Estonian Agricultural Holding

Ü. Traat, A. Küüt and J. Olt

Institute of Technology, Estonian University of Life Sciences,
56 Kreutzwaldi Str., EE51014 Tartu, Estonia
e-mail: ylo.traat@emu.ee; arne.kyyt@emu.ee; jyri.olt@emu.ee

Abstract:

In spite of the high reliability of modern tractors, they are no perpetuum mobiles and need at times designated by the manufacturer’s technical condition regular diagnostics, the diagnostic results being determined on the basis of work and the amount of content, technical maintenance and repair, if necessary. This study examines the design and maintenance problems of an Estonian representative farm tractor compared to similar indicators in the Republic of Latvia. The outlines of a typical company are based on expert opinions. These indicators have been analyzed and compared to those of the whole Estonia at the level of one particular farm in real terms. The machine/tractor maintenance-related economic and technical indicators have been set to ensure the reliability of machine/tractor use in competitive agricultural production. The investigation examines the company’s actual use of machine/tractor, tractor upkeep and methods for determining the composition of the qualitative and quantitative indicators.

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73-85 Ü. Traat, M. Heinloo and L. Aadusoo
Trends of the transformation of Estonia’s Wheeled Tractor Park
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Trends of the transformation of Estonia’s Wheeled Tractor Park

Ü. Traat, M. Heinloo and L. Aadusoo

Estonian University of Life Sciences

Abstract:

This paper analyses the current situation of the Estonian Tractor Park and the trends of its transformation. The examination focuses on the brands and age of the tractors in use currently and in the recent past. It tries to predict the composition and the main tendencies of tractor procurement in the near future. It became evident that 90% of the tractors currently used in Estonian agriculture are of Russian origin, although during the last 10 years the purchase of Russian tractors has decreased substantially. At the same time the purchase of convenient, well-designed, highly efficient, but expensive Western tractors has increased rapidly, indicating the growing prosperity of Estonian farmers.

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