Tag Archives: wheat

832-844 H. Khalifi, F. Bentata, J. Bouarda, A. El Aissami, I. Niya, A. Kahama Issa, I. Maafa, S. Hammoumi, S. Karim, M. Ibriz, K. Amrani Joutei, N. Brhadda, R. Ziri and M. Labhilili
Molecular characterization of new causative agents of root rot of wheat in Morocco
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Molecular characterization of new causative agents of root rot of wheat in Morocco

H. Khalifi¹²*, F. Bentata¹, J. Bouarda¹², A. El Aissami³, I. Niya¹⁵, A. Kahama Issa¹², I. Maafa¹², S. Hammoumi¹², S. Karim¹⁴, M. Ibriz², K. Amrani Joutei⁵, N. Brhadda², R. Ziri² and M. Labhilili¹*

¹National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), Regional Research Center for Agricultural of Rabat, Av Mohamed Belarbi Alaoui, B.P. 6356, Institutes, Rabat, Morocco
²Laboratory of Plant and Animal Production and Agro-industry productions, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, Av l’université, Kenitra, Morocco
³Laboratory of Botany, Mycology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences of Rabat, Mohammed V University Rabat, Morocco
⁴Laboratory of Spectroscopy, Molecular Modeling, Materials, Nanomaterials, Water and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Av Ibn Battouta, BP1014, Agdal, Morocco
⁵Faculty of Sciences and technique of Fès, University of Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fès, Morocco
*Correspondence: houdakhalifi96@gmail.com; mustapha.labhili@inra.ma

Abstract:

Most of the world’s cereal-growing regions are severely constrained by root rots, crown rot and head blight brought on by Fusarium spp. In Morocco, yield losses due to root rots are not negligible and range from 12 to 14%. For this study, wheat root rot was surveyed in wheat fields from 2014 to 2019 in different regions of Morocco. Diseased plants are less vigorous, show progressive rotting of the root system and produce white or discolored heads containing stunted seeds. Therefore, the improvement of national production goes through the study of this disease on a deep level. To do this, 75 samples have been collected for the morphological study, which made it possible to identify the genus Fusarium present in the roots and the crown of the infected plant, and the molecular study made it possible to characterize the Fusarium species that are present in Moroccan wheat fields. Molecular identification revealed the presence of five Fusarium species, namely: Fusarium culmorum, which is noted as the dominant species in Morocco with a relative frequency of 21%, F. graminearum, F. equiseti, F. avenaccum and finally F. sambucinum, which represented a high rate in the Gharb region.

Key words:

Fusarium spp., molecular characterization, root rot, wheat

39-61 H.M.S. El-Bassiouny, M.M.S. Abdallah, N.M. Al-Ashkar and B.A. Bakry
Potential impacts of chitosan on growth, yield, endogenous phytohormones, and antioxidants of wheat plant grown under sandy soil conditions
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Potential impacts of chitosan on growth, yield, endogenous phytohormones, and antioxidants of wheat plant grown under sandy soil conditions

H.M.S. El-Bassiouny¹, M.M.S. Abdallah¹, N.M. Al-Ashkar¹ and B.A. Bakry²

¹Botany Department, Agricultural and Biological Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth Street P.O. 12622. Dokki, Giza, Egypt
²Field Crops Research Department, Agricultural and Biological Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth Street P.O. 12622. Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Corresponding author: maha_eg1908@yahoo.fr

Abstract:

A field experiment was carried out in sandy soil, during two winter successive seasons to study the impacts of different concentrations of chitosan (50, 100 & 150 mg L^-1) on several growth parameters and biochemical changes as well as quantitative and qualitative grain yield. Foliar treatment of chitosan significantly increased the growth parameters concurrently with an increment in the photosynthetic pigments, total soluble sugar, proline, free amino acid total carbohydrates, antioxidant activities, phenol, flavonoids, and some minerals nutrition of wheat plant. Wheat plants treated with chitosan at different concentrations significantly increased different endogenous phytohormones auxins (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellins (GAs), and cytokinins (Cyt), as compared with the untreated plants. Moreover, chitosan concentrations induced significantly increments in grains yield, nutritive values, carbohydrates %, proteins %, antioxidant compounds and macronutrients of the grain yield. Cultivation of wheat plants under sandy soil conditions and treated with foliar application of 100 mg^-1 chitosan gave the higher values of the grain yield as well as the nutritional values contents.

Key words:

antioxidants, Chitosan, endogenous phytohormones, nutritional values, wheat

62-77 I. Guedioura, B. Rahmoune, A. Khezzaren, A. Dahoumane and N. Laouar
Combined effect of soil practices and chemical treatments on weeds growth, soil features, and yield performance in field wheat crop under Mediterranean climate
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Combined effect of soil practices and chemical treatments on weeds growth, soil features, and yield performance in field wheat crop under Mediterranean climate

I. Guedioura¹*, B. Rahmoune², A. Khezzaren⁴, A. Dahoumane⁵ and N. Laouar³

¹High National School of Agronomy, Conservation, Management and Improvement of Forest Ecosystems laboratory, DZ16000 El Harrach, Algeria
²High National School of Agronomy, Genetics Ressources and Biotechnology Laboratory, DZ16000 El Harrach, Algeria
³High National School of Agronomy DZ16000 El Harrach, Algeria
⁴National Company for the Production of Agricultural Equipment (PMAT),
DZ16058 Mohammadia, Algeria
⁵Establishment of green spaces developments Algiers (EDVAL), DZ16000 El Harrach, Algeria
*Correspondence: i-guedioura@hotmail.com

Abstract:

Soil management techniques influence the biological and physicochemical properties of the soil and lead to changes in soil quality and cover and thus on crop profitability and yield. In this study, the effects of short-term tillage and no-tillage methods combined with a chemical treatment using Glyphosate on weed abundance, selected soil physical properties and yield components were evaluated in durum wheat under Mediterranean climatic conditions. The no-tillage (NT) treatment resulted in higher weed community density during wheat cultivation and moisture consumption than the conventional tillage treatment. The tillage practice and the application of Glyphosate showed a very high efficiency on weeds. Furthermore, the results obtained showed a significant variation and effect of the treatments on the soil characteristics. The application of the no-tillage technique induced a small increase in soil moisture at the seed germination stage (25.6%), while at the last sampling a small increase was recorded in the CT treatment (9.5% for CT and 8.8% for NT). The results of the soil porosity, showed during the whole test period high values in the conventional technique (with or without herbicide application); but for the resistance to soil penetration, the results showed higher values in the no-till technique. Finally, the effect of the tillage system on crop yield was evaluated. In our study, the results showed that significant increases in the number of heads per m² (351.3 heads per m²), the number of grains per head (45.8) and the weight of 1,000 grains (41.2 g) were obtained with the tillage treatment combined with glyphosate application. When comparing the two tillage methods, the highest values were always revealed with the tillage technique.

Key words:

herbicides, no tillage system, soil features, tillage system, weeds, wheat

16-26 S.S.A. Al-Slevani, Y.Y. Hilal and M.H. Rafiq
An investigation of the amount of grain loss – using plant density and reel index of two popular brands of combine harvesters
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An investigation of the amount of grain loss – using plant density and reel index of two popular brands of combine harvesters

S.S.A. Al-Slevani, Y.Y. Hilal* and M.H. Rafiq

University of Mosul, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Agricultural
Machines and Equipment, Iraq
*Correspondence: yousif.yakoub@uomosul.edu.iq

Abstract:

Large wheat fields are cultivated in Iraq every year, especially in the Bazalan region. Although the grain production rate is high in Bazalan, the grain harvest loss is significant. Investigating wheat crop losses in different harvesting units is crucial to making decisions and improving working conditions. The current research was carried out to study the effect of the two popular brands of combine harvesters (New Holland TC56 and John Deere 1450 CWS) based on a relationship between the amount of loss from combine harvesters, reel indexes, and plant density. Three reel indexes (1, 1.5, and 2) and two plant densities (high-density and low-density sites) were considered. A randomised complete block split-plot design with three replications was carried out. The results showed positive superiority of the New Holland TC56 in the percentage of header losses, threshing losses, separation and cleaning losses, total harvest loss, and total loss with the highest performance efficiency of 97.725%; however, the harvester performance efficiency of the John Deere 1450 CWS remained within the acceptable loss limits. Finally, the best results were achieved with a 1.5-reel index level interacting with a high-density site; these results were statistically more significant than the differences between the New Holland TC56 and the John Deere 1450 CWS.

Key words:

combine harvester, harvester efficiency, header losses, plant density, wheat

423–433 Kh.H.M. Ibrahim, L, Wang, Q. Wu, Y. Duan, Ch. Ma and S. Zhang
Soil Phosphorus management based on changes in Olsen P and P budget under long- term fertilization experiment in fluvo-aquic soil
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Soil Phosphorus management based on changes in Olsen P and P budget under long- term fertilization experiment in fluvo-aquic soil

Kh.H.M. Ibrahim¹², L, Wang¹, Q. Wu¹, Y. Duan¹, Ch. Ma³ and S. Zhang¹*

¹Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
²Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC), Wad Medani 126, Sudan
³The Center of Extending and Service of Agricultural Technique in China, Beijing 100026, China
*Correspondence: zhangshuxiang@caas.cn

Abstract:

Excessive input of phosphorus (P) in agricultural production and its finite resources is becoming a global concern for sustainable P management. In this study, the annual P input and output were calculated in 27 Fluvo-aquic soil sites of wheat and maize agriculture cropping system in Henan province central-east of China during the period from 1998 to 2016, to quantify soil Olsen P (OP) levels and P budget at the experimental sites and calculate the optimum P fertilizer application. The maize and wheat (Triticum aestivum) recorded 14.2 and 13.6 mg kg^-1 respectively. The change in soil OP was positively linearly correlated with the P budget (P < 0.01), and an increase of 2.8 mg kg^-1in soil Olsen P for each 100 kg ha^-1 of P budget in the 0–20 cm soil layer. Based on ACV of soil OP with P budget and the critical level of soil OP to ACV in the study area for the next five years, the recommended rate model of soil OP for maize and wheat in the study area was determined. The application amount of P fertilizer ought to be in the range of 64–85 kg P ha^-1. This information can help to optimize crop yield, reduce the accumulation of P in soil, and reduce the potential risk of water pollution. More research is needed about the main factors influence on P available (OP).

Key words:

agronomic critical value, maize, Olsen P, P budget, P fertilizer, wheat

2374–2390 A.N. El-Sadek, F.I. Abd EL-Ghany and A.M. Shaalan
Simulating the effect of tillage practices on the yield production of wheat and barley under dryland condition
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Simulating the effect of tillage practices on the yield production of wheat and barley under dryland condition

A.N. El-Sadek¹, F.I. Abd EL-Ghany¹ and A.M. Shaalan²*

¹Ecology and Dry Land Agriculture Division, Desert Research Center, EG11753 El-Matarya, Cairo, Egypt
²Plant Production Department, Faculty of Desert and Environmental Agriculture, Matrouh University, EG51744 Matrouh, Egypt
*Correspondence: ahmedmahgoub@mau.edu.eg

Abstract:

In arid and semiarid regions, soil tillage practices have major effects on soil water dynamics. In this study, we compared the effects of Zero tillage (ZT) and Conventional tillage (CT) on the grain yield of rainfed barley and wheat at three locations i.e. Barrani, El-Neguilla and Matrouh in the north western coast of Egypt. We also tested the performance of the DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer). In the first season of 2017/2018, only barley plants in Barrani location were able to grow and produce yield due to insufficient rain. Results showed that ZT produced significantly higher grain yield (almost 200%) for barley as compared to the CT treatment. In the second season of 2018/2019, conventional tillage produced higher yields as compared to the zero tillage treatment over the three studied locations and for the two crops. The DSSAT model successfully simulated the grain yield, total biomass and harvest index with an excellent agreement between simulated and observed data with NSE values of 0.868 and 0.800 for grain yield and total biomass respectively and a satisfactory agreement with NSE of 0.431 in case of harvest index. Tillage had a noticeable impact on grain yield of barley and wheat and the DSSAT successfully simulated the effects of the tillage treatments.

Key words:

barley, drylands, DSSAT, rainfall use efficiency, tillage, wheat

2386–2398 Z. Pacanoski and A. Mehmeti
Pre-emergence grass weed control in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with soil applied premixed herbicides influenced by precipitations
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Pre-emergence grass weed control in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with soil applied premixed herbicides influenced by precipitations

Z. Pacanoski¹ and A. Mehmeti²*

¹Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food, 16-ta Makedonska brigada 3, MK1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
²University of Prishtina, Department of Plant Protection, Bill Clinton p.n., XK10000 Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo
*Corresponding address: arben.mehmeti@uni-pr.edu

Abstract:

The field trials were conducted during two winter wheat growing seasons (2013–2014 and 2014–2015, respectively) to estimate weed control, and influence of herbicides on grain yield with PRE premixes in winter wheat crops. The field trials were conducted with ‘Ingenio’ and ‘Pobeda’ winter wheat cultivars which were sowed in a well-prepared soil seedbed at a seeding rate of 220 and 240 kg ha^-1. The experimental design was a randomised complete block with four replicates and elementary plots 25 m². The efficacy of PRE herbicides varied with treatments among weed species and periods of efficacy estimation, regions and years, respectively. Overall, the performance of the PRE herbicide premixes correlated with the weather conditions. All PRE herbicide premixes effectively reduced the dominant weed species Milium vernale, Papaver rhoeas, and Galium aparine in the Bitola region in 2013–2014, but not in 2014–2015 due to heavy rain during the first two weeks of herbicide application. In contrast, the limited precipitation after PRE application may have contributed to the poor performance of PRE herbicides in the Probištip region in 2013 compared with 2014. In the Bitola region, the lowest crop yield was obtained in plots treated with diflufenican + isoproturon (2,960 kg ha^-1) in both growing seasons. In the Probištip region, the wheat grain yields in 2013–2014 following all PRE applied herbicides were significantly lower (between 520 and 800 kg ha^-1) than weed-free control. In 2014–2015, diflufenican + isoproturon herbicide treatment produced the lowest yield of 2,530 kg ha^-1, whereas chlortoluron + triasulfuronwas the highest-yielding herbicide treatment (2,820 kg ha^-1). However, results indicated that in Bitola region comparatively higher yield were found in plots treated with chlortoluron + triasulfuron (3,450 kg ha^-1), in both growing seasons, also in Probistip region herbicide chlortoluron + triasulfuron achieved higher yield (2,820 kg ha^-1), in both growing seasons).

Key words:

efficacy, PRE herbicide, weeds, wheat

822–832 I. Skudra and A. Ruza
Effect of nitrogen fertilization management on mineral nitrogen content in soil and winter wheat productivity
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Effect of nitrogen fertilization management on mineral nitrogen content in soil and winter wheat productivity

I. Skudra¹ and A. Ruza²

¹Latvian Rural Advisory and Training centre, Street Rigas 34, LV3018 Ozolnieki region, Ozolnieki parish, Ozolnieki, Latvia
²Institute of Agrobiotechnology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Street Liela 2, LV3001 Jelgava, Latvia
E-mail: ilze.skudra@llkc.lv; antons.ruza@llu.lv

Abstract:

In recent years farmers must use integrated crop growing principles. One of the most important principle is to balance usage of mineral elements in crop cultivation, especially nitrogen management. Excessive and unbalanced usage of nitrogen fertilizer reduces nitrogen use efficiency and increases nitrate leaching in surface and groundwater. The dynamics of nitrogen forms in soil at different depths and different plant growth stages are studied to increase the productivity of winter wheat, promoting nitrogen uptake in plants and reducing nitrogen leaching during the vegetation period. Field experiments were carried out at the Research and Training Farm Vecauce of the Latvia University of Life Science and Technologies from 2012 till 2015. Researched factors were nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate: 0 – control, 85, 153, 187, and N rate determined by chlorophylmeter (Yara N-tester) 180 (2012/2013), 150 (2013/2014), 205 (2014/2015) N kg ha^-1, nitrogen and sulphur (S) fertilizer rate – N175+S21 kg ha^-1, and conditions of the growing seasons: 2012/2013, 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. The content of nitrate (NO₃–N) nitrogen and ammonium (NH₄–N) nitrogen was determined in the soil layers 0–20 cm, 20–40 cm and 40–60 cm at the growth stages (GS) 30–32, 49–51, 69 and 90–92. All trial years the amount of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in soil decreased during vegetation, but increased with increasing fertilization dose. Nitrate nitrogen content was significantly influenced by year in 0–40 cm soil layer (P < 0.01) and by nitrogen fertilizer in the 20–40 cm soil layer. Ammonium nitrogen content had significant influence only on nitrogen fertilizer at 20–40 cm soil layer (P < 0.05). Average grain yields did not show significant correlation with the nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in different soil layers and plant growth stages, except nitrate nitrogen content in soil layer 40–60 cm at GS 30–32 and ammonium nitrogen content in soil layer 40–60 cm at GS 69 and GS 90–92.

Key words:

ammonium nitrogen, fertilizer, nitrate nitrogen, wheat

1796-1808 Z. Pacanoski and A. Mehmeti
POST herbicide programme for effective weed control in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
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POST herbicide programme for effective weed control in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Z. Pacanoski¹ and A. Mehmeti²*

¹University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Faculty for Agricultural Sciences and Food, 16-ta Makedonska brigada 3, MK1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
²University of Prishtina, Department of Plant Protection, Bill Clinton p.n., XK10000 Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo
*Correspondence: arben.mehmeti@uni-pr.edu

Abstract:

Field experiments were conducted during two winter wheat-growing seasons to evaluate the efficacy of some new POST herbicides and herbicide combinations for those effective controls of weeds in winter wheat crops in the Republic of Macedonia. The weed population consisted mainly of annual winter and spring and some perennial weeds. Weediness comprised 116 and 208 plants m^-2 in 2012–2013 and 2013–2014, respectively, in the Skopje region, and 93 and 114 plants m^-2 in 2012–2013 and 2013–2014, respectively, in the Probištip region. All POST herbicides effectively reduced dominant weeds density (> 93%) in the Skopje region in both years, as well as in the Probištip region in 2012–2013, but not in 2013–2014. In this year, lower temperature directly following application decreased efficacy of POST applied herbicides, which provided control of Lolium perenne that was between 76 and 84%; control of A. ludoviciana was less than 85%; control of B. radians was no more than 83% and no one treatment controlled P. convolvulus more than 82%. Wheat yields in the Skopje region were not significant among years for the different POST herbicide applications and ranged between 3,580 and 3,720 kg ha^-1 in 2012–2013, and between 3,760 and 3,910 kg ha^-1 in 2013–2014. A significant treatment by year interaction resulted in two distinct years for wheat yields in the Probištip region with POST herbicides. In 2012–2013, wheat yields were between 3,230 and 3,390 kg ha^-1, but in 2013–2014, wheat yields ranged from 3,060 to 3,490 kg ha^-1 and weed-free control showed a significant higher wheat yield compared to all evaluated herbicides.

Key words:

efficacy, herbicide, weeds, wheat

286-296 H.R. Tohidi Moghadam, T. W. Donath, F. Ghooshchi and M. Sohrabi
Investigating the probable consequences of super absorbent polymer and mycorrhizal fungi to reduce detrimental effects of lead on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
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Investigating the probable consequences of super absorbent polymer and mycorrhizal fungi to reduce detrimental effects of lead on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

H.R. Tohidi Moghadam¹, T. W. Donath², F. Ghooshchi¹ and M. Sohrabi²*

¹Department of Agronomy, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran
²Department of Landscape Ecology, Institute for Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University, Olshausenstr. 75, DE24118 Kiel, Germany
*Correspondence: msohrabi@ecology.uni-kiel.de

Abstract:

In many parts of the world, agricultural use of soils is restricted due to heavy metal contamination. Absorption of heavy metals, such as (Pb), in the tissue of plants increases the plant’s metabolism and causes physiological disorders or even death. In order to study the potential of super absorbent polymers (SAP) and mycorrhiza fungi application to mitigate adverse effects of lead (Pb) on wheat, a greenhouse experiment was conducted. The experiment was setup as a completely randomized design, with two treatments arranged in a factorial scheme with three levels of lead (0, 100 and 200 mg per kg soil) and four levels of SAP and mycorrhiza fungi application (without SAP and mycorrhiza fungi application, SAP application alone, mycorrhiza fungi application alone, SAP and mycorrhiza fungi application combined). The results showed that Pb significantly affected all parameters measured of wheat. The Pb-contamination caused a significantly decreasing in plant height, total dry weight per plant and total chlorophyll contents. And also, the results indicated that the combined use of superabsorbent and mycorrhiza reduced the amount of superoxide dismutase enzyme. As well as, our results show that the application of super absorbent polymer and mycorrhizal fungi seems to be a promising path to reduce detrimental effects of heavy metal pollution of agricultural soils on plant performance.

Key words:

enzymes superoxide dismutase, lead, mycorrhizal fungi, super absorbent polymer, wheat