Tag Archives: winter wheat

403-408 G. Dinaburga, D. Lapins, A. Berzins, J. Kopmanis and A. Plume
Interconnection of altitude of stationary GPS observation points and soil moisture with formation of winter wheat grain yield
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Interconnection of altitude of stationary GPS observation points and soil moisture with formation of winter wheat grain yield

G. Dinaburga, D. Lapins, A. Berzins, J. Kopmanis and A. Plume

Institute of Soil and Plant Science, Latvia University of Agriculture, Liela iela 2,Jelgava, LV-3001, Latvia; e-mail: Gundega.Dinaburga@llu.lv

Abstract:

Field trials were carried out at the Research and Study farm “Vecauce” of the Latvian University of Agriculture during the years 2006–07 to investigate factors influencing the formation of the winter wheat grain yield. Researches have been carried out in stationary observation points. Results show tight negative correlation between the altitude of observation points and soil moisture. The correlation is significant P < 0.05 in both trial years but coherence is tighter in the year with reduced precipitation, as observed in April–July 2006. Significant negative correlation was established between altitude and winter wheat grain yield. In year 2006, when lack of precipitation was observed, this coherence is with increased probability P < 0.01. Soil moisture at the depth of 40−45 cm was below optimum – 25% – in both trial years and also in both stationary observation levels with average altitude 95 and 102 m above sea level. It was also significantly lower in the highest points of the terrain. Significantly higher grain yield of winter wheat was obtained in field points with an average altitude 95 m above sea level. This coherence is also more explicit in the year with less precipitation, as in 2006. Analysis of correlation established that soil moisture at the depth of 40−45 cm has significant positive impact on the winter wheat grain yield and on the flag leaf area.

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493-498 I. Vanaga, Z. Mintale and O. Smirnova
Control possibilities of Apera spica-venti (L.) P.Beauv. in winter wheat with autumn and spring applications of herbicides in Latvia
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Control possibilities of Apera spica-venti (L.) P.Beauv. in winter wheat with autumn and spring applications of herbicides in Latvia

I. Vanaga, Z. Mintale and O. Smirnova

Latvian Plant Protection Research Centre, Lielvardes iela 36/38, Riga LV-1006

Abstract:

This paper presents results on weed control and yield responses in winter wheat grown after winter oilseed rape and after winter wheat, using data from field trials with a range of herbicides registered for use in Latvia that were applied either in the autumn or in the spring. Apera spica-venti was the dominant weed in these trials, accounting for 70–80% of the total weed biomass. Spring application of herbicides did not provide good control of Apera spica-venti up to harvest time: the infestation at application time was more than 140 plants per m2. Autumn application of appropriate herbicides gave satisfactory control of Apera spica-venti up to harvest time in the following year. All herbicide treatments significantly increased crop yield but the autumn applications gave significantly greater increases than nearly all spring applications.

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162-168 A. Auškalnis and O. Auškalnienė
Harrowing timing for winter wheat and spring barley under organically growing conditions
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Harrowing timing for winter wheat and spring barley under organically growing conditions

A. Auškalnis and O. Auškalnienė

Lithuanian Institute of AgricultureInstituto Alėja 1, LT – 58344, Akademija, Kėdainiai distr.; e-mail: albinas@lzi.lt

Abstract:

Field trials were conducted over the period of 2005–2007 at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture to test the efficacy of harrowing on weeds at different growth stages of ecologically grown winter wheat and spring barley. The main weeds in winter wheat were: Lamium sp., Chenopodium album, Tripleurospermum inodorum, Capsella bursa-pastoris and in spring barley Ch.album, Sinapis arvensis, Stellaria media, T. inodorum. The weeds most vulnerable to harrowing in winter wheat were: Veronica sp., Chenopodium album and Capsella bursa pastoris. Chenopodium album and Sinapis arvensis were vulnerable to harrowing in spring barley. Early harrowing pre-emergence followed with harrowing at the 3–4 leave stage of spring barley was the most optimal.Winter wheat grain yield reduction tendencies were obtained in plots harrowed threetimes. No statistical difference in spring barley grain yield was found among the treatments. The decrease in weed number and mass depended on harrowing timing and frequency, meteorological conditions and weed species composition.

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217-223 J. Cesevičienė, A. Leistrumaitė and V. Paplauskienė
Grain yield and quality of winter wheat varieties in organic agriculture
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Grain yield and quality of winter wheat varieties in organic agriculture

J. Cesevičienė, A. Leistrumaitė and V. Paplauskienė

Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture, Instituto al. 1, Akademija, Kėdainiai distr., LT-58344,Lithuania; e-mail: jurgita@lzi.lt

Abstract:

During the period 2004–2006, grain yield and quality characteristics of ten winter wheat (Triticum aestive L.) varieties from the very good, good and satisfactory baking quality groups were investigated at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture under the conditions of organic agriculture. Results showed a marked influence of climatically different years on the winter wheat varieties’ grain yield and quality characteristics (protein and gluten content, gluten quality by gluten index, sedimentation index according to Zeleny). When the growing conditions were rather dry and warmer (2006), compared with the long-term mean, grain yield was the poorest but grain quality was the best and grain of most of the winter wheat varieties met the requirements set for bread-making. The varieties ‘Lars’ and ‘Zentos’ combined high yield with stability, their sum of integral assessment of grain yield was respectively (11+) and (10+). From quality parameters in varieties a higher variability was noted for sedimentation (26.6–29.7%), but similar variation in separate years showed that this quality parameter was most stable over years. In overall high-quality varieties from the very good / good baking quality groups, an ecological way of growing may give good baking utilization possibilities but this strongly depends on environmental conditions. Varieties ‘Širvinta 1’ and ‘Ada’ were more stable concerning wet gluten content and sedimentation, ‘Zentos’ and ‘Alma’ – concerning gluten index. Glu-1 score corresponded significantly and positively with higher sedimentation, hectolitre weight and gluten index.

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381-386 Ž. Liatukas and A. Leistrumaitė
Selection of winter wheat for organic growing
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Selection of winter wheat for organic growing

Ž. Liatukas and A. Leistrumaitė

Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture, Instituto al. 1, Akademija, Kėdainiai distr., LT-58344,Lithuania; e-mail: alge@lzi.lt

Abstract:

The study was conducted at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture during 2006–2008. Sixteen registered winter wheat varieties and advanced breeding lines were tested. Correlation analysis of traits of winter wheat genotypes grown under conventional and organic systems showed stronger correlations between the traits that had been found to be environmentally more stable. Overwintering, plant height, heading, maturity, lodging and hectolitre weight strongly correlated (r = 0.74**–0.98**) between the growing systems in both years. Soil coverage, which is a very important trait for organic system showed weak or medium correlations (r = 0.43*–0.64**) between the systems tested. Yield and 1000 grain weight mostly correlated with the traits of plant vegetative development, whereas hectolitre weight showed random correlations with the other traits. The yield was found to positively correlate with soil coverage at development stages BBCH41-42, 60-65 and number of productive tillers (r = 0.31*–0.54*).

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394-399 L. Masilionyte and S. Maiksteniene
The changes of mineral nitrogen content in clay loam Cambisol in sustainable and organic agriculture
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The changes of mineral nitrogen content in clay loam Cambisol in sustainable and organic agriculture

L. Masilionyte and S. Maiksteniene

Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture, Joniskelis Experimental StationJoniskelis, Pasvalys district, Lithuania; e-mail: joniskelio_lzi@post.omnitel.net

Abstract:

Experiments were conducted in the Joniskelis Experimental Station of the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture in 2006–2008 on the clay loam Gleyic Cambisol. The aim of the research – to estimate changes of amount of mineral nitrogen in several humus content soils under influence of fertilization systems with a catch crop of green manure – combinations of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.), oil radish (Raphanus sativus L.), narrowleaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum MOENCH.) in sustainable and organic farming systems. Experiments showed that in late autumn, before incorporation of different catch crops biomass, the lowest amount of mineral nitrogen – 6.21-6.31 mg kg-1 in the soil layer of 0–40 cm was found in the organic farming system. In the sustainable farming system growing white mustard and using nitrogen at low rates – N30 for more intensive straw mineralization, the amount of mineral nitrogen in the soil was significantly – 17.0-15.2% – higher. The highest content of mineral nitrogen – 8.04 mg kg-1 in the soil was found in the fields without catch crops, where N30 was also applied for straw mineralization.

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471-476 V. Seibutis, I. Deveikytė and V. Feiza
Effects of short crop rotation and soil tillage on winter wheat development in central Lithuania
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Effects of short crop rotation and soil tillage on winter wheat development in central Lithuania

V. Seibutis, I. Deveikytė and V. Feiza

Lithuanian Institute of AgricultureInstituto aleja 1, Akademija, Kedainiai distr., LT-58344, Lithuania;e-mail: vytautas@lzi.lt

Abstract:

A three year (2005–2008) field experiment was conducted in Central Lithuania to study the effects of different crop rotations (spring oil-seed rape-spring barley-winter wheat; winter wheat-spring rape; winter wheat monocrop) in conventional (ploughing to a 20–22 cm depth) and reduced (stubble cultivation to a 10–12 cm depth) soil tillage systems on winter wheat yield and its components. Winter wheat grain yield increased in the three-course crop rotation in the conventional (ploughing) cultivation system. However, wheat grain yield decreased by only 1.4 % in reduced tillage (stubble cultivation) compared to conventional tillage. Shortening of crop rotations, or different soil tillage systems used, did not exert any adverse effect on the variation of the number of grains per ear and the length of straw. The results of the study indicate that the different crop rotations in two soil tillage systems in Central Lithuania did not significantly affect wheat grain yield components.

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612-617 P. Konvalina, J. Moudrý jr., I. Capouchová and J. Moudrý
Baking quality of winter wheat varieties in organic farming
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Baking quality of winter wheat varieties in organic farming

P. Konvalina¹, J. Moudrý jr.¹, I. Capouchová² and J. Moudrý¹

¹University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Agriculture, Studentská 13, České Budějovice,370 05, Czech Republic; phone number: +420387772547, e-mail: konvalina@zf.jcu.cz
²University of Life Sciences Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources,Kamýcká 129, Praha 6-Suchdol, 165 21, Czech Republic

Abstract:

The technological value of wheat is negatively influenced by organic methods of cultivation. The critical factor is the crude protein content and quality. The aim of this paper is to identify diferences in the quality of eight varieties and two strains of wheat recommended in conventional or organic conditions. Correlation analysis of the qualitative parameters of wheat shows a clear relationship between crude protein content, wet gluten content and Zeleny – sedimentation value. According to the test results, it is appropriate to use the content and quality of protein as selective criteria for the selection of varieties. The Level of baking quality is never reduced below the quality level of the worstquality varieties grown in the same conditions. On the other hand, the best quality varieties provide grains characterized by better baking quality, but lower yield level, than the others.

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103-112 E. Stasinskis
Effect of preceding crop, soil tillage and herbicide application on weed and winter wheat yield
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Effect of preceding crop, soil tillage and herbicide application on weed and winter wheat yield

E. Stasinskis

LLU, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Management, Liela iela 2, Jelgava, LV-
3001, Latvia, e-mail: eriks@dobeleagra.lv

Abstract:

This article describes results obtained in three years of experiments (2001–2003) carried out at farm Dobele Agra SIA located in the Dobele region of Latvia. Trials were established in two different crop rotations (Factor A): 1. winter wheat sown after winter wheat, 2. winter wheat sown after winter rape. Three different soil tillage and sowing methods were compared (Factor B): 1. – minimal conservation soil tillage in 10–15 cm deep with mixing of soil; 2. – direct sowing into stubble without any previous soil cultivation; 3. – traditional soil tillage with ploughing on 25 cm with cultivation before sowing. Additionally we compared the impact of those soil tillage methods on weed infestation in winter wheat (Factor C): 1. – using herbicide Secator 0.3 kg ha-1, 2. – without herbicide treatment. A significantly smaller total number of weeds was observed in treatments where winter wheat was grown in recurrent sowing, primarily caused by differences in numbers of oil seed rape in this treatment. A significantly smaller number of weeds was also observed after traditional soil tillage with ploughing. Data analysis shows significant linear negative correlation between winter wheat yield and the number of total weed infestation and several weed species – Stellaria media (L.) Vill., Sinapis arvensis L., Matricaria perforata Merat. and Lamium purpureum L. The highest impact on changes of winter wheat grain yield was made by herbicide use – 64.1%

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315-327 E. Šarauskis, E. Vaiciukevičius, A. Sakalauskas,K. Romaneckas, A. Jasinskas and R. Lillak
Impact of sowing speed on the introduction of winter wheat seeds in differently-tilled soils
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Impact of sowing speed on the introduction of winter wheat seeds in differently-tilled soils

E. Šarauskis¹, E. Vaiciukevičius¹, A. Sakalauskas¹,K. Romaneckas², A. Jasinskas¹ and R. Lillak³

¹Department of Agricultural Machinery, Lithuanian University of Agriculture,Studentu St. 15A, LT-53361 Kauno r., Lithuania; e-mail: egidijus.sarauskis@lzuu.lt
²Department of Soil Management, Lithuanian University of Agriculture,Studentu St. 11, LT-53361 Kauno r., Lithuania
³Estonian Research Institute of Agriculture, Teaduse 13, 75501 Saku, Harjumaa, Estonia

Abstract:

Research tests in Europe disclosed that minimized soil tillage changes the soil qualities, the distribution of harvested crop residues (especially straw) in the soil, and the conditions of seed introduction into the soil, etc. In addition, completely different requirements are needed for design and technological parameters of the seeders in minimal soil tillage or no-tillage soils if compared with traditional seeders used in tilled soils.The paper describes the tests of winter wheat sowing in differently-tilled soils. Theimpact of the sowing speed of the winter wheat seeds on the even introduction and the distribution of the various size soil lumps in the seed bed layers was investigated. Furthermore, the change of the soil hardness and moisture content in various soil depths in differently-tilled soils was tested.Research suggested that the soil hardness in the winter wheat seed introduction zone inminimal soil tillage or no-tillage soils was approximately 250 kPa, and was significantly lower in tilled soil, i.e., 100 kPa. When winter wheat seeds were sown into no-tillage soil the sowing speed had greater impact on the composition of the soil lumps in the seed bed if compared with other more intensive soil tillage technologies. The tests disclosed that when the speed of the drill was increased from 8 to 12 km h-1, the number of small soil lumps (<2 mm) in all the layers of seed bed minimized and the amount of larger than 5 mm soil lumps maximized. The even introduction of seeds was negligible in minimal tillage soils.

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