Tag Archives: row spacing

682-724 Y. Tsytsiura
Chlorophyll fluorescence induction method in assessing the efficiency of pre-sowing agro-technological construction of the oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiformis Pers.) agrocenosis
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Chlorophyll fluorescence induction method in assessing the efficiency of pre-sowing agro-technological construction of the oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiformis Pers.) agrocenosis

Y. Tsytsiura*

Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, Faculty of Agronomy and Forestry,
Sonyachna Str., 3, UA21008 Vinnytsia, Ukraine
*Correspondence: yaroslavtsytsyura@ukr.net, yaroslav301974@gmail.com

Abstract:

Chlorophyll fluorescence induction (CFI) is a measure of photosynthetic performance and is widely used by plant physiologists and ecophysiologists. The basic principle of CFI analysis is relatively straightforward. The specified method of analysis during 2015–2020 was applied to assess the optimality of selection of technological sowing parameters such as sowing rate (estimated interval 0.5–4.0 million germinable seeds ha-1), row width (15–30 cm), pre-sowing fertilizer (N0–90P0–90K0–90) for three varieties of oilseed radish. The widely tested basic indicators of the CFI curve (F0, Fpl, Fm, Fst) were used, as well as possible indices and ratios calculated on their basis in accordance with the CFI analysis methodology.

For the first time, the species characteristics of oilseed radish were investigated by the nature of the CFI curve in relation to spring rape, white mustard, and spring mustard on the 1.5 germinable seeds ha-1 (30 cm row width, N0P0K0) variant. It was established by the stress sensitivity category of the PSII photosystem that a reliable possibility of using the CFI method for identification studied technological options for sowing. The share of the influence of the technological factor of the sowing method (in %) on the formation of indicators F0, Fpl, Fm, Fst in the dispersion scheme of the experiment was consistently 19.3, 8.4, 19.5, 6.3. The influence of the seeding rate factor on the results of F0, Fpl, Fm, Fst was (in %) 26.6, 9.5, 42.3, 9.3 and the influence of the fertilizer factor was 13.5, 16.4, 5.7, 12.7, respectively.

The formation of the specified basic indicators of the CFI curve in the resulting interaction of the technological parameters of sowing depended on the hydrothermal conditions of the vegetation of oilseed radish with the share of influence of 20.1, 40.2, 28.1, 30.0, respectively. It was determined that the decrease in the indicator of the hydrothermal coefficient (in the ratio of the increase in the sum of average daily temperatures to the decrease in the amount of precipitation) ensures the following dynamics of changes in the main and derivative indicators of CFI: a decrease Fpl 1.3%, Fm 11.8%, ER 8.7%, Lwp 15.9%, RFd 25.3%, Kprp 21.9%, Kfd 17.7% and growth F0 5.1%, Fst 7.3%, Que 40.4%, Kef 24.0%, Vt 71.3%.

The comparison during the study period of options 4.0 and 0.5 million germinable seeds ha-1 determined an averaged decrease in F0 and Fst indicators by 29.5% and 29.1% while increasing Fpl and Fm by 2.2% and 38.5%. According to the determined level of CFI indicators for various technological schemes of sowing, an expedient option was recommended, which ensures the highest efficiency of the PSII photosystem of oilseed radish in the range of 1.0–2.0 germinable seeds ha-1 with a fertilization rate of N30–60P30–60K30–60 for row sowing and 1.5 germinable seeds ha-1 with a fertilization rate of N60–90P60–90K60–90 for wide-row sowing.

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53–62 P. Casini and G. Biancofiore
Influence of row spacing on canopy and seed production in grain amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.)
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Influence of row spacing on canopy and seed production in grain amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.)

P. Casini* and G. Biancofiore

University of Florence, Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), Piazzale delle Cascine 18, IT50144 Florence, Italy
*Correspondence: paolo.casini@unifi.it

Abstract:

A new crop recently introduced in Italy is amaranth. Studies involving agronomic techniques on this plant are limited. The aim of the present research was to assess the effect of distance between rows on both seed yield and ground cover in Amaranthus cruentus L. Sowing treatments included two single row spacing designs (18 and 60 cm) and one double row spacing design (18 + 60 cm). At the six true leaf stage, in the single row design of 60 and 18 cm row spacing, ground cover was 16% and 47% respectively. An intermediate coverage of 31% was evident in the double rows. At the ten true leaf stage, plants cultivated in single rows at 18 cm covered the ground early, thereby attaining a ground cover of 85%. Regarding yield, a seed production of 0.92 t ha-1 was obtained from plants in the double row design compared to the respective single row spacing designs of 18 and 60 cm, where yields were 0.85 and 0.70 t ha-1 respectively. The selection of one mode of sowing over another will largely depend on the type of equipment available to the farm. Whilst single row spacing distances of 18 cm displayed a net of advantage against weeds, difficulties were encountered in the case of managing weeds by mechanical equipment. The use of double rows permitted taking advantage of a slightly better ground cover than single rows, together with the possibility of mechanical intervention for the control of weeds, and importantly also provided a higher yield.

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253–264 A. Svirskis
Investigation of amaranth cultivation and utilisation in Lithuania
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Investigation of amaranth cultivation and utilisation in Lithuania

A. Svirskis

Šiauliai University, P. Višinskio 25, Šiauliai, Lithuania; e-mail: selekcentras@lzi.lt

Abstract:

Studies of amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) collections have been carried out at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture since 1978. During the period of 1998–2001, 13 varieties and populations of amaranth and some parameters of amaranth growing technology (sowing time, seed rate, row spacing, etc.) were investigated. The amaranth was grown in the six-course perennial grass breeding crop rotation after ploughed-in first year clover, sown after black fallow without additional fertilising and pesticides.
Preliminary amaranth growing technology was elaborated. The highest yield was produced when amaranth had been sown in the middle of May, at a seed rate of 2–4 kg ha-1, with row spacings of 50 cm and thrashed dry after severe frosts (-3…-5°C). The technology needs further improvement, and it is especially necessary to investigate fertilisation of amaranth in ecological and conventional farming systems.
Three amaranth varieties – ‘Raudonukai’, ‘Geltonukai’ and ‘Rausvukai’ – were registered in Lithuania in 2001. It is necessary to continue selection of amaranth species and varieties best suited for local conditions and investigate possibilities for use of amaranth green material and seed for food, feed, and energy production.

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