Comparative environmental analysis of soil sampling methods in precision agriculture for lime application in Paraná State, Brazil
¹IBMR Laureate International - IBMR, Departamento de Engenharia e Arquitetura - Avenida das Américas 2603, BR22631-002 Barra da Tijuca-RJ, Brazil
²Federal University of Lavras, Department of Agricultural Engineering, University, Campus, BR37.200-000 Lavras-MG, Brazil
³Field Equipment Manager - Syngenta - Rua Providence 236, BR38407-744 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil
⁴University of Florence, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), Biosystem Engineering Division, Piazzale delle Cascine 15, IT50144 Florence, Italy
*Correspondence: gabriel.ferraz@ufla.br
Abstract:
Precision agriculture (PA) provides techniques that favour the localized application of inputs allowing their rational use. This makes the PA a potential indicator of reduced operational costs, input volume, and environmental impacts. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the environmental effects of three different sampling methods used in PA for the lime application. The first sampling method evaluated was the grid sampling (GS). It was performed at a density of one sample per hectare in a 100×100 m georeferenced grid. The second method was the directed sampling, that was performed after defining the management zones by soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) using a soil electrical conductivity sensor. The lest sampling method was the Altitude-based management zone (AMZ) sampling that was developed based on altitude maps of the field. These sampling methods were tested in three different areas in the south of Brazil. This study evaluated the spatial variability of the lime volume in the soil and compared quantitatively and spatially the recommended application volumes achieved by each sampling method. Results highlighted that the sensor-directed soil sampling method was the alternative that would generate the lowest environmental impact.
Key words:
environmental impact, management zones, sample grids, soil apparent electrical conductivity