Tag Archives: transesterification

721–738 R.C.B. Correia, F.C. Silva, M.M. Barros, A.C.L. Maria, D. Cecchin, L.A. Souza and D.F. Carmo
Productive efficiency and density and viscosity studies of biodiesels from vegetable oil mixtures
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Productive efficiency and density and viscosity studies of biodiesels from vegetable oil mixtures

R.C.B. Correia¹, F.C. Silva¹*, M.M. Barros², A.C.L. Maria¹, D. Cecchin¹, L.A. Souza¹ and D.F. Carmo¹

¹Federal Fluminense University, Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Department, 156 Rua Passos da Pátria 156, bloco D, sala 235, BR24210-240 Niterói, Brasil
²Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Engineering Department, Rodovia BR 465, Km 07, s/n Zona Rural, 23890-000, Seropédica, Brasil
*Correspondence: flaviocastro@id.uff.br

Abstract:

Currently in Brazil the minimum content of biodiesel in mixtures is 11% and, according to Brazilian laws, the goal is to reach 15% in volume in diesel fuel available for final consumers by 2023. Therefore, studies about different matrices of biodiesel and distinct mixtures are essential. The present work had two goals, the first one was to analyse physico-chemical properties of 16 biofuels produced from soybean and cotton oils, using S10 diesel, in mixtures B8, B10, B20 and B30. The second goal was to verify the vantages and disadvantages of biodiesel production through prior mixing of the oils, before and after the transesterification process. All biofuels produced presented results of specific mass values at 20 °C and kinematic viscosity at 40 °C within the limits established by ANP Resolution no 30/2016 and International Resolutions. The soybean B20 biofuel showed the best overall results, with the second highest production yield of 65.36%, the fifth lowest kinematic viscosity with 3.48 mm s-1. The mixture of soybean and cotton oils before the transesterification process presented the highest production yield when compared with the production from a single oil or biodiesel mixtures. The results found proved to be satisfactory and corroborate to continue with the increase of biodiesel in the mixture with diesel to B15 until 2023 and support the possibility of planning for a gradual increase of this mixture in the following years.

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1498–1515 L.A. Souza, F.C. Silva, A.C.L. Maria, A.L. Belem, D. Cecchin and M.M. Barros
Response surface for biodiesel production from soybean oil by ethylic route
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Response surface for biodiesel production from soybean oil by ethylic route

L.A. Souza¹, F.C. Silva¹*, A.C.L. Maria¹, A.L. Belem¹, D. Cecchin¹ and M.M. Barros²

¹Federal Fluminense University, Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Department, 156 Rua Passos da Pátria 156, bloco D, sala 235, 24210-240, Niterói, Brasil
²Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Engineering Department, Rodovia BR 465, Km 07, s/n Zona Rural, 23890-000, Seropédica, Brasil
*Correspondence: flaviocastro@id.uff.br

Abstract:

Petroleum has been the most consumed energy source in the world, but it tends to run out due its non-renewable character. Among biofuels, biodiesel has emerged as the main candidate to substitute petroleum diesel. The present study aimed to identify the maximum yield point of biodiesel production by generating a response surface using molar ratio, temperature and agitation time as independent variables, and yield as a dependent variable. From the response surface, it is observed that the increase in temperature and reaction time leads to reduced yield. The configuration that resulted in maximum yield of 93.30% was 12:1 molar ratio, 30 °C temperature and 30-minute reaction time. From the chromatographic analysis it was possible to identify five different fatty acids in the composition of the biodiesels. Total saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acids) ranged from 41.53% to 42.09% and total unsaturated fatty acids including monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids) ranged from 57.92% to 58.48%. According to the results of the physicochemical analyses, the specific mass at 68 °F is in agreement with Brazilian, American and European specifications, ranging from 877.46 kg m-3 to 879.64 kg m-3. The kinematic viscosity at 104 °F ranged from 4.49 mm² s-1 to 4.82 mm² s-1. The acid value obtained did not vary within the limits established by the norms, and values between 0.54 and 2.74 mg KOH g-1 were observed.

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133–143 A.M. Giuffrè, M. Capocasale, C. Zappia and M. Poiana
Biodiesel from tomato seed oil: transesterification and characterisation of chemical-physical properties
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Biodiesel from tomato seed oil: transesterification and characterisation of chemical-physical properties

A.M. Giuffrè, M. Capocasale*, C. Zappia and M. Poiana

Department of Agraria, Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, Località Vito, IT89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
*Correspondence: marco.capocasale@unirc.it

Abstract:

The transesterification process of an oil is influenced by four variables: reaction temperature, reaction time, amount of alcohol and amount of reaction catalyst. The cost of production, yield and chemical-physical characteristics are therefore directly dependent on these variables. In this work, tomato seed oil was transesterified and the influence of the quantities of the alcohol (methanol) and catalyst (potassium hydroxide) was tested. The values of total esters, density, kinematic viscosity, iodine value, acid number, linolenic acid, cetane number and residual glycerides in the different biodiesels produced (Bio from A to F), were studied and compared with the current European regulations EN14214: 2014 (Liquid petroleum products – Fatty acid methyl esters for use in diesel engines and heating applications – Requirements and test methods). The six obtained biodiesels yielded between 72.59 (BioB) and 96.8% (BioE) of the total esters. The presence of non-transesterified oil, besides being a yield index, also negatively affects the viscosity at 40 °C of the produced biodiesel. In fact, the only sample with a value within the legal limit was BioE (4.95 mm2 s-1), while the others showed viscosity values higher than the 5.00 mm2 s-1 established by the European regulation. The density, however, always remained within the specified limits, with values between 880 kg m-3 in BioE and 891 kg m-3 in BioB. The presence of linolenic acid was well below the maximum legal limit in all samples, the iodine value ranged between 119 and 122 g I2 100g-1.

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